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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an arrhythmia?
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abnormal in rate, rhythm or flow of depolarization
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Where does a sinus arrythmia originate?
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SA node
variable RR interval see in on inspiration (vagal tone) no treatment needed but can give atropine to stop vagal tone |
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Where does a wandering atrial pacemaker originate?
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Atria due to decrease PR interval and variable P waves
Seen on respiration and there is not treatment |
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Where does sinus bradycardia originate?
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Sinus node causing the heart rate to slow
causes heart problems, electrolyte abnormalities, hyperthyroidism, certain drugs treat by stopping drugs, treating the problem and inserting a pacemaker |
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Where does a sinus arrest originate?
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SA node
caused by a dropped heart beat and will cause an escape beat due to heart problems, drugs, electrolyte abnormalities or hyperthyroidism treat with atropine, pacemaker it atropine doesn't work |
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Where does junctional or nodal escapes beat originate?
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AV node or bundle of His
QRS is normal with no P wave looks wide and bizarre |
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What is a differential diagnosis for sinus arrest?
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respiratory sinus arrythmia
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What would a P wave from the AV node look like?
From the SA node? |
negative
positive |
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What are ECG qualities of hyperkalemia?
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Spiked T wave (should be 1/4 of R)
Absent P wave Prolonged QRS differential diagnosis is hypoxia |
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What are the four differential diagnoses for a prolonged QRS?
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right bundle branch block
left bundle branch block sinus arrest hyperkalemia |
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What are the characteristics of a 1st degree AV block?
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Prolonged PR interval
*the problem is in the AV node* |
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What is a second degree AV block?
What is a mobitz type I? |
intermittent failure of conduction
slowly progressing increase in PR interval until QRS is dropped |
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What is a second degree AV block mobits type II?
What is a high grade block? |
no prolonged PR interval preceding a dropped QRS
ever two P waves get conducted to ventricles |
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What are the abnormality of a third degree AV block?
Treatment? |
no communication between the atria and the ventricles
P wave is normal, QRS are escape beats from the AV node or from ventricle making them wide -insert a pacemaker |
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How do you differentiate a 3rd degree block with AV junctional escapes (normal QRS) and 2nd degree block?
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measure PR interval, if it is regular than its 2nd not 3rd
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What are the clinical signs of sick sinus syndrome?
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weakness and syncope cause by fibrosis of the SA node
see brady or tachycardia, arrest escapes beats treat with a pacemaker |
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What are two physiological causes of tachycardia?
Pathological? |
fear and pain
fever,anemia, thyroid |
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How is tachycardia defined by heart rate?
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a heart rate 160-180
greater than 240 in cats |
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What are the abnormalities of sinus tachycardia?
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increased heart rate
waves are normal |
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What is the main problem with supraventricular premature depolarization?
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beats that occur earlier than expected from atria outside SA node
treatment by slowing the heart with diltiazem |
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What does the ECG look like with SPD?
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abnormal p waves with normal QRS and premature PQRS
can sees superimposed P waves on T waves see signs of syncope and weakness |
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What is a common arrhythmia in dogs with dilated cardiomypathy?
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atrial fibrillation
hearts sounds are chaotic |
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What are the ECG abnormalities of atrial fibrilation?
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no P waves, wavy baseline, random RR and normal QRS
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How does tachycardia effect the O2 requirements of the heart?
How is the cardiac output affected? |
increase
decrease |
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Can you have a normal HR with A-fib?
How do you tx animal with A-fib and >150 beats/min? Do these drugs increase or decrease contractility? |
Yes (monitor with Halter monitor)
Slow heart to allow to fill with diltiazem or beta blockers Decrease |
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In a dog with Dilated cardiomyopathy what drugs do you give?
What drug is contraindicated in cats? |
Digoxin (anti-arrythmic effects) and diltiazem
Digoxin |
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What is the pattern of atrial flutter?
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saw-tooth
this is a precursor to A fib |
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What is the origin of ventricular premature depolarization?
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Ectopic focus in ventricles
there is no P wave |
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What will the QRS look like with VPDs?
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wide because it is not going through normal conducting pathways
right ventricle (travels in pos direction) left ventricle (travels in neg direction) |
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What are the four clinical signs of VPDs?
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dropped heart sounds
irregular pulses dropped pulses sudden death from transition to A fib |
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What drug do you want to use for VPDs in acute settings?
Stable? |
lidocaine (slow bolus)
-Mexilitene -Procainamide -Beta blocker |
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What is the definition of ventricular tachycardia? What do they arise from?
Which side? |
-Runs of > 3 VPDs
-Ectopic focus in ventricles -Left vent b/c mainly in negative direction |
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What is a capture beat?
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when the P wave activates the AV node and the ventricales are in a refactory period
normal QRS complex |
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How does an accelerated idioventricular rhythm/tachycardia occur?
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Run of VDP (ectopic vent beats) too slow to be ventricular tachycardia
Normal to wide and bizarre QRS with capture beats |
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What is the treatment for accelerated idoventricular rhythm/tachycardia?
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no treatment necessary
heart rate is normal and allows for diastolic filling so CO is maintained |
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How is ventricular fib different from ventricular tachycardia?
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Ventricular fib is random electrical impulses, ventricular tachycardia has regular VPDs
Treat ventricular fib with External fibrilator, Epi, CRP |
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What is a fusion beat?
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the combination of a normal beat and an ectopic beat
there are p waves present |
