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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main historical categories of a derm exam?
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Past Med hx
Environmental hx Dietary hx Hx of present condition |
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What are the 4 action steps of pruritus?
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Lick
Scratch Chew Rub |
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Which of the following are NOT associated with a skin scraping?
a) Used to test for yeast b) used to test for ectoparasites c) scrape until it bleeds d) squeezing skin before scraping has no effect on yield e) You should clip a haired area before scraping |
c) scrape until it bleeds (NO, this means you are scraping TOO DEEP)
d) squeezing skin before scraping has no effect on yield (NO WAY, it totally helps!) |
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Which are NOT true regarding impression smears?
a) pigmented hyphae are of no concern b) heat fixing improves diagnostic potential greatly c) always wear gloves to prevent contamination d) alcohol removes slide adhesive, making it easier to diagnose yeast e) apply gentle pressure so as to not break the slide |
b) heat fixing improves diagnostic potential greatly (NO; just increases yield)
d) alcohol removes slide adhesive, making it easier to diagnose yeast (NO; alcohol will dissolve the adhesive and remove your sample) e) apply gentle pressure so as to not break the slide (NO; firm pressure w/fingers ON THE SLIDE to prevent breakage) |
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What should be evaluated in a trichogram (5 aspects)?
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Distal ends of hair for pruritis
Stage of hair growth Shafts for developmental abnormalities Roots for PARASITES Pigmentary abnormalities |
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Which of the following tests are used for dermatophytosis? Which is definitive?
a) Wood's lamp b) Coleman lantern c) Trichogram d) Culture e) Impression smear |
a) Wood's lamp
c) Trichogram (+/- KOH) d) Culture (definitive) |
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Which ectoparasites may be revealed on a fecal flotation?
a) Malassezia b) Demodex c) S. pseudointermedius d) Sarcoptes e) Cheyletiella |
b) Demodex
d) Sarcoptes e) Cheyletiella (and others...) |
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What are the common causes of demodectic mange in dogs and cats? Which organism infects which species?
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Demodex canis (Dogs)
D. gatoi (cats) |
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Which of the following is NOT true?
a) D. gatoi and canis inhabit follicles b) Demodex mites are often considered normal fauna c) Demodecosis is a disease of the young d) Localized canine demodecosis is self-limiting e) Only finding one mite on a skin scraping is not significant |
a) D. gatoi and canis inhabit follicles (NO; gatoi is a supreficial organism)
e) Only finding one mite on a skin scraping is not significant (NO; this is abnormal) |
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What is the first priority in treating generalized demodecosis?
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Get any infection under control!
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What are some causes of adult onset demodicosis?
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Neoplasia
Cushing's Immunosuppression |
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Which of the following topical treatments is most effective for demodecosis? Which is NOT effective?
a) hydrotherapy b) Selamectin c) Benzoyl peroxide d) Moxidectin e) Amitraz |
b) Selamectin (doesn't work)
e) Amitraz (best as a rinse) (note - Moxidectin may prevent progression too) |
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How long is demodecosis treated topically?
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2 rinses past 2nd negative scraping/trichogram
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Which gene is mutated in herding breeds causing sensitivity to anti-parasiticals? Which of the following drugs should not be used in these breeds?
a) Moxidectin b) Doramectin c) Pyrantel d) Milbemycin e) Ivermectin |
MDR1 gene
a) Moxidectin b) Doramectin (don't use on any dog) d) Milbemycin e) Ivermectin |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding demodecosis?
a) Glucocorticoids are contraindicated for generalized but not localized b) Often seen in animals <1yr c) It is recommended to neuter animals affected by the generalized form d) Lime sulfur is the treatment of choice for D. canis infections e) There is a good prognosis with the local form |
a) Glucocorticoids are contraindicated for generalized but not localized (Contraindicated for both!)
d) Lime sulfur is the treatment of choice for D. canis infections (NO; D. gatoi) |
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What are the 4 conditions causing intense pruritus in dogs?
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Sarcoptic mange
Malassezia dermatitis Flea allergy Familial seborrhea of the American Cocker Spaniel |
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding sarcoptic mange?
a) causes intense pruritus b) females burrow into the stratum spinosum c) is zoonotic d) doesn't often affect cats e) has a long, jointed stalk on the legs |
b) females burrow into the stratum spinosum (NO; stratum corneum)
e) has a long, jointed stalk on the legs (NO; long UNJOINTED stalk) |
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Which of the following sites are CLASSIC for scabies?
a) around the eye b) base of the tail c) lateral extremities d) middle of the neck e) ear margins |
a) around the eye
c) lateral extremities e) ear margins (also lateral elbow aspects) |
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Which of the following are the best 2 topical treatments for dogs w/sarcoptic mange?
a) lime sulfur b) amitraz c) selamectin d) milbemycin e) ivermectin |
a) lime sulfur
c) selamectin (#1) (note: amitraz not labeled but it does work; ivermectin and milbemycin are both oral) |
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Which of the following are OK to use in collies?
a) ivermectin b) selamectin c) moxidectin d) milbemycin |
b) selamectin
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What are some adverse effects to amitraz?
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Xylazine-like (lethargy, bradycardia, depression)
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Which of the following are true regarding keratolytics?
a) often a component of topical therapies b) good for seborrhea since they prevent skin thickening c) help to remove crust and scales d) help moisturize the skin e) contraindicated for parasitic dermatopathies |
a) often a component of topical therapies
c) help to remove crust and scales d) help moisturize the skin |
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Choose whether the following is a dermatophyte or saprophyte:
- penicillium - aspergillus - microsporum gypseum - microsporum canis - trichophyton mentagrophytes |
Saprophyte - penicillium
Saprophyte - aspergillus Dermatophyte - microsporum gypseum Dermatophyte - microsporum canis Dermatophyte - trichophyton mentagrophytes |
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Which dermatophyte comes from the soil?
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M. gypseum
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Which of the following are not true regarding dermatophytosis?
a) most spores are ectothrix b) fungi live off keratin c) self-limiting fungal infections only infect the telogen phase d) dogs are itchier than cats e) infected hairs have lots of scales |
c) self-limiting fungal infections only infect the telogen phase (NO, anagen)
d) dogs are itchier than cats (cats>dogs) e) infected hairs have lots of scales (NO, healthy hairs are scaly, infected look like rotten logs) |
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Which of the following are sufficient for diagnosing dermatophytosis?
a) fungal culture b) color change on dermatophyte test medium c) growth before 5 days d) microscopic identification of infected hairs e) biopsy + histopathology |
a) fungal culture +
d) microscopic identification of infected hairs e) biopsy + histopathology (very specific but not sensitive) |
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What are the 3 steps to dermatophyte treatment?
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Decontaminate pet
Treat pet Treat environment |
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Which of the following topical therapy is the best for dermatophytosis (in the US)?
a) ketoconazole shampoo b) Enilconazole c) lime sulfur d) miconazole e) chlorhexidine |
c) lime sulfur
(enilconazole would work but can't get it in the US) |
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Choose the systemic antifungal that...
- works better in cats - safe fungicidal - teratogenic - lots of side effects in cats - chitin inhibitor with bad side effects when used @ antifungal doses - penetrates CSF |
Itraconazole - works better in cats
Terbinafine - safe fungicidal Griseofulvin - teratogenic Ketoconazole - lots of side effects in cats Lufenuron - chitin inhibitor with bad side effects Fluconazole - penetrates CSF |
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How long should dermatophytosis be treated?
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Treat for 4 wks then culture. If negative, treat for 2 more weeks then culture again (continue topicals until 2nd culture comes back negative)
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What is the goal in environmental control of dermatophytosis?
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Reduce mass of spores
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What is the most common flea in the dog and cat?
a) Ctenocephalides canis b) Pulex simulans c) Ctenocephalides felis d) Echidnophaga gallinacea |
c) Ctenocephalides felis
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding the flea life-cycle?
a) most are in the egg stage at any time b) larvae are negatively geotactic and negatively phototactic c) UV light can kill larvae d) pupal emergence is triggered by vibration, CO2 levels, or light/shadows e) adults must feed on multiple hosts to complete the life cycle |
a) most are in the egg stage at any time (NO; 34% eggs, 57% larvae(
b) larvae are negatively geotactic and negatively phototactic (NO, positively geotactic) e) adults must feed on multiple hosts to complete the life cycle (NO; adults prefer to remain on one host if possible) |
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What are some good properties of parasiticides?
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Efficacy (fast kill and residual kill)
Ease of application (on pet and premises) Cost, availability, owner acceptance Low pet toxicity |
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What are some diseases that fleas are vectors for?
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Dipilidium caninum
Yersinia pestis Bartonella Mycoplasma Rickettsia felis |
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T or F:
Rickettsia can be transmitted in flea dirt. |
False! This describes bartonella!
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What are the "big 4" with respect to flea control? What is the main ingredient(s) for each?
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Advantage (Imidacloprid)
Frontline (Fipronil) Vectra (Dinotefuran) Revolution (Selamectin) |
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Which of the following is NOT for cats? Why?
a) Advantage b) Advantix c) Frontline d) Vectra 3D e) Trifexis |
b) Advantix (has permethrin)
d) Vectra 3D (has permethrin) e) Trifexis (Spinosad not labeled for cats) |
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How can you diagnose flea allergy dermatitis?
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Clinical signs (miliary dermatitis in cats and lesions in caudal half of dog) +
Flea or flea dirt demonstration |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding flea treatments?
a) inert insecticides such as diatomaceous earth pose little to no health risk to the pet b) nearly all botanicals are very safe c) citrus extracts are very safe d) Pyrethrins alone are ineffective flea control e) Pyrethroids are synthetic pyrethrins that are bad for cats |
a) inert insecticides such as diatomaceous earth pose little to no health risk to the pet (NO; DE causes pulmonary silicosis)
b) nearly all botanicals are very safe (NO; pyrethroids are bad for cats) |
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What is the only pyrethroid that cats are OK with?
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Etofenprox
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Which drug should you NOT use Capstar with and why?
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Don't use w/imidocloprids (eg: advantage) because they have the same mechanism of activity
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Which of the "big 4" is associated with the following:
- systemically absorbed - effective when wet - effective against sarcoptic mange - contains dinotefuran |
Selemectin (Revolution) - systemically absorbed
Fipronil (Frontline) - effective when wet Selamectin - effective against sarcoptic mange Vectra - contains dinotefuran |
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Which of the "big 4" is associated with the following:
- greasy - ataxia and hypersalivation in kittens - affects GABA - treatment of choice in Collies - effective against non-follicular mites and lice |
Imidacloprid (Advantage) - greasy
Imidacloprid - ataxia and hypersalivation in kittens Selamectin (Revolution) - affects GABA Selamectin - treatment of choice in Collies Fipronil (Frontline) - effective against non-follicular mites and lice |
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Name the juvenile hormone analog that...
- unstable in UV - safe pesticide that kills fish too - stable in UV - works on flea eggs - not for use in cats |
Methoprene - unstable in UV
Fenoxycarb - safe pesticide that kills fish too Pyriproxifen - stable in UV Methoprene - works on flea eggs Pyriproxifen - not for use in cats |
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Which are appropriate flea control measures for puppies and kittens <8wks?
a) capstar per rectum b) topical methoprene c) monthly oral lufenouron d) imidocloprid to the mom e) citrus extracts |
b) topical methoprene
e) citrus extracts (also vacuuming, flea combs, clean/change bedding) |
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What is a good flea control program for cats?
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Flea comb
Topical treatments Environmental control Program (Lufenuron) |
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T or F:
Chitin inhibitors have good larvicidal and fungicidal activity. |
False!
Good larvicidal but bad with fungi. |
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Which of the following is NOT part of an adult dog flea control program?
a) oral spinosad b) oral lufenuron c) oral nitenpyram d) topical pyrethrin e) monthly application of one of the "big four" |
c) oral nitenpyram (NO; not for control for treatment)
d) topical pyrethrin (Not for control, for treatment) (Also topical pyriproxifen + permethrin) |
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What is the ONLY flea collar that is any bit efficacious? Why does it work?
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Ovitrol (contains methoprene; a growth regulator)
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Which drugs affect flea growth regulation?
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Methoprene
Pyriproxifen Fenoxycarb Lufenuron (chitin inhibitor) |
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What is the major cause of yeast infections in small animals?
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Malassezia pachydermatitis
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding Malassezia dermatitis?
a) cause type I hypersensitivity via the classical pathway b) has a synergistic relationship w/Staph c) an obligate pathogen d) most often caused by atopy e) expresses ligands with keratinocyte specificity |
a) cause type I hypersensitivity via the classical pathway (NO; alternate pathway)
c) an obligate pathogen (NO; normal skin inhabitant) |
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Where are good places to find Malassezia in a yeast infection?
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Lip fold
Ventral neck Interdigital spaces & claw beds |
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A stinky greasy dog likely has...
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...malassezia dermatitis
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How should an animal be shampooed therapeutically?
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10 minute contact time
Cool to room-temp water Towel dry (no blowdryer) Usually 2-3x/wk frequency |
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T or F:
A dog with a yeast infection looks like a dog w/out-of-control atopy. |
True!
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What are diagnostic procedures when working-up a suspected yeast infection case?
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Signalment/Hx/Cx/PE
Cytology Allergy testing CBC/Chem/UA Endocrine fxn tests Immune evaluation |
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What are some effective topical treatments for yeast infections?
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Se sulfide (selsun blue and H&S intensive care)
Chlorhex, the 'azoles, nystatin |
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When are systemic treatments recommended in a yeast infection?
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Severe disease
Skin and ear involvement Poor client complance |
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What is used for systemic treatment of yeast infections? For what duration? When is treatment ended?
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Azoles + terbenifine
21-30d (end tx when you have negative scrapings/impressions) |
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A pustule is my ___________.
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FRIEND
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What is the common causative organism for pyoderma?
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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
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What are the toxins/virulence factors associated w/S. pseudintermedius?
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Beta lactamase
Protein A Proteases Slime |
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What is the #1 underlying factor for pyoderma?
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Atopy!
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What are the 3 major causes of folliculitis?
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Bacteria (pyoderma)
Demodicosis Dermatophytosis |
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What are the predisposing factors for pyoderma?
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Signalment
Anatomic factors (skin folds) Environment (humidity and temp) |
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What are the primary dfactors of pyoderma?
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Allergic skin dz
Hypothyroidism Ectoparasites (<1yr dog) Cornification disorders Immunodeficiency |
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What are some differential diagnoses for pyoderma?
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Pemphigus foliaceus
Trichophyton Sterile pyogranulomatous dermatitis |
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When should you culture a suspect pyoderma case?
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Unexpected cytology
Recurring cases |
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What is the rule of thumb for pyoderma treatment duration?
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30days!
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What are the two best topical shampoos for pyoderma?
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Benzoyl peroxide
Chlorhexidine |
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Which of the following antibiotics are EFFECTIVE when treating a pyoderma case?
a) Penicillin b) Fluoroquinolones c) Cephalexin d) lincomycin e) Potentiated sulfas |
b) Fluoroquinolones
c) Cephalexin (Also potentiated amoxicillin, synthetic penicillin, cephadroxil, and cefpodixime) |
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Which of the following antibiotics are BACTERIOSTATIC when treating a pyoderma case?
a) Erythromycin b) Fluoroquinolones c) Tetracycline d) Lincomycin e) Potentiated sulfas |
a) Erythromycin
d) Lincomycin e) Potentiated sulfas (Also Chloramphenicol) |
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Which of the following antibiotics are INEFFECTIVE when treating a pyoderma case?
a) Ampicillin b) Fluoroquinolones c) Tetracycline d) Penicillin e) Potentiated sulfas |
a) Ampicillin
c) Tetracycline d) Penicillin (also amoxicillin, sulfas) |
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T or F:
If a C&S says that an organism is resistant to lincomycin but susceptible to erythromycin, it is OK to use erythromycin. |
FALSE! It will probably be resistant to erythromycin too!
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What are the 3 cephalosporins commonly used in pyoderma cases? Which is probably good for cats?
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Cephalexin
Cefpodoxime Cefovecin (Convenia - maybe good for cats) |
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Name the cephalosporin that...
- is SID but EXPENSIVE - is BID but in un-splittable capsules - is Q14d but may promote resistance |
Cephalexin - is SID but EXPENSIVE
Cefpodoxime - is BID but in un-splittable capsules Cefovecin - is Q14d but may promote resistance |
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Which fluoroquinolone has horrible bioavailability and is associated with MRSA?
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Ciprofloxacin
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When is the ONLY time that you'll use glucocorticoids in a pyoderma case?
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Acute moist dermatitis! Reduces pain/pruritus!
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In which type of pyoderma is a 7-10d course of antibiotics OK?
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Puppy pyoderma
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Folliculitis + furunculosis on a dog chin indicates what condition? What other condition should be ruled out first?
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CANINE ACNE (r/o demodex)
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What is the most common form of pyoderma?
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Folliculitis
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How long should you treat folliculitis?
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At least 30d or 2 wks past clinical resolution
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Skin fold dermatitis is called...
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...intertrigo
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Which dogs get intertrigo?
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Wrinkly dogs (Shar pei, Cocker, English bulldog, etc)
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What is the endpoint of folliculitis?
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Furunculosis
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Fistulous tracts is most commonly associated with which type of pyoderma?
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Furunculosis
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Destruction of the follicle results in...
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...cicatricial alopecia (permanent alopecia)
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Which of the following would be expected in a furunculosis cytology?
a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) bacteria d) lymphocytes e) macrophages |
a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils c) bacteria e) macrophages |
