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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main types of chemical reaction that occur when bromine is extracted from seawater?
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Oxidation and reduction.
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What are large amounts of copper needed for?
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The electrical industry and for piping.
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How is the copper purified?
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Mining --> froth floatation --> smelting --> electrolysis
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In the electrolysis of copper, what type of reactions occur at the anode and the cathode?
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Cathode - Reduction
Anode - oxidation |
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What are the possible side effects of purifying copper on a large scale?
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Noise pollution
Production of spoil heaps Acid rain Effluent gases |
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How are the atoms in an ionic lattice structure held together?
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Due to the electrostatic attractions between the positive metal ions and the negative non-metal ions.
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What is the name of an ionic structure containing water molecules?
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Hydrated.
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What are the water molecules that exist in hydrated ionic crystals called?
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Water of crystallistaion.
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What is a precipitation reaction?
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Where two solutions react to form a solid.
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What are spectator ions.
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Ions that are not involved in the reaction. (i.e. are the same before and after the reaction).
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What is an ionic equation?
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An equation showing just the reacting ions and the final products. NOT THE SPECTATOR IONS.
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What are the two main stages involved in dissolving?
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Ion separation
Ion hydration (surrounding of the ions by water molecules). |
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What causes the electrostatic charges between the ions in an ionic structure to be overcome during dissolving?
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The many small charges on the polar water molecules are enough to overcome the electrostatic charges.
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Which part of the water molecule is slightly negative?
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The oxygen atom.
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Which part of the water molecule is slightly negative?
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The two hydrogen atoms.
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How is the ionic structure dissolved?
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When the negative end of the water dipole is attracted to a positive ion and pulls it away, it is then surrounded by other water molecules.
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How many water molecules should be drawn around an hydrated ion?
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A minimum of 5.
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What are the ions called if they are surrounded by water molecules?
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Hydrated.
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What does oxidation entail?
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The gain of oxygen.
The loss of electrons. An increase in oxidation state. |
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What does reduction entail?
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The loss of oxygen.
The gain of electrons. A decrease in oxidation state. |
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What oxidation states do all the atoms in elemental form have?
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0
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What should the sum of the oxidation states in a molecule add up to?
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The charge on the compound.
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What are half equations used for?
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To represent the two parts of a redox reaction.
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How many sub shells does the first energy level (n=1) have?
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1: s.
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How many sub shells does the second energy level (n=2) have?
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2: s and p.
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How many sub shells does the third energy level (n=3) have?
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3: s, p and d.
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How many sub shells does the fourth energy level (n=4) have?
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4: s, p, d and f.
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How many electrons can fit into one atomic orbital?
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A maximum of 2.
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How many atomic orbitals does an s sub-shell have?
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1
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How many atomic orbitals does an p sub-shell have?
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3
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How many atomic orbitals does an d sub-shell have?
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5
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What type of spin do electrons in doubly occupied atomic orbitals have?
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opposite spins.
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How is electron distribution represented?
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With arrows in boxes. You can be asked to draw up to an including krypton in the exam so go and practice!
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Where do the blocks of the periodic table get their names?
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From which sub-shell their outer electrons are filling.
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What colour and state are the halogens at room temperature?
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Fluorine - pale yellow gas
Chlorine - yellow gas Bromine - Dark red liquid Iodine - Shiny black solid |
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What is the volatility of the halogens?
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Fluorine - gaseous
Chlorine - gaseous Bromine - brown gas on warming Iodine - sublimes to purple vapour on warming. |
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How soluble are the halogens in water?
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Fluorine - reacts with water
Chlorine - slighlty soluble, pale green solution. Bromine - slightly more soluble, red brown solution. Iodine - barely soluble, brown solution. |
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How soluble are the halogens in organic solvents?
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All soluble to give coloured solutions.
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How does reactivity change as you go down the group?
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Reactivity decreases down the group.
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What colour precipitate do the halogens form when reacting with silver nitrate?
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Chlorine - White
Bromine - Cream Iodine - Yellow |
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Are the halogens involved in displacement reaction?
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Yes, the more reactive will displace the less reactive.
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Are halogens involved in redox reaction?
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Yes as they are all relatively reactive, acting as oxidising agents.
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What health and safety precautions need to be taken when storing bromine?
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Protective equipment worn, glass lined steel tanks, stored over water container, sensitive sensors all around.
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What health and safety precautions need to be taken when transporting bromine?
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Lead lined steel tanks, routes planned to minimise accidents, avoid residential areas, travel at night.
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What are bromine and chlorine used for?
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Bromine - anti-knock agents, flame retardents, photography.
Chlorine - hydrochloric acid manufacture, plastics. |
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How is chlorine manufactured?
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By the electrolysis of brine.
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What is the formula for concentration?
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c=n/V
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What is concentration measured in?
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moldm-3
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When would you perform concentration calculations?
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After performing a titration.
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How do we define an acid?
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pH<7, turns litmus red, liberate CO2 from carbonates, PROTON DONATOR.
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How do we define a base?
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A proton acceptor.
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How do we define an alkali?
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A base, which dissolves in water to form hydoxide ions. All alkalis are bases, not all bases are alkais.
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What happens in an acid base reaction?
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The acid donates a proton (H+ ion) to the base.
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What is a conjugate acid/base?
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As the acid base reaction is reversible the products formed in the forwards reaction are called the conjugate acid and conjugate bases.
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What is a covalent network structure?
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Where all the atoms in the compound are covalently bonded. Very strong, high melting point. Eg diamond.
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What is a molecular strucure?
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Where there are discrete molecules --> weak intermolecular forces, low boiling point, gases at room temp, dissolves easily in water.
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