Safety In The Lab

Front 1

What is Good microbial practise?

Back 1

Keeping microorganisms free from contamination from things such as skin, air and other cultures

Front 2

What is contamination?

Back 2

Keeping microorganisms in test tubes to ensure they dont present a danger to you, other workers or people outside the lab

Front 3

What are some ways to ensure good practise during experiments?

Back 3

-Aseptic technique

- Sterilisation

- Avoiding cross contamination

- Avoiding aerosol creation

- Arrangement of tubes in a rack

-Not travelling far with solution in a pipette

- Allowing flamed loops to cool before use

Front 4

What are some ways to ensure good practise following experiments?

Back 4

-Correctly dispose of waste

-Wash hands

- Clean microscopes

-Wipe down benches

- Remove lab coat upon leaving lab

Front 5

What are group 1 microorganisms?

Back 5

Unlikely to cause human disease

Front 6

What are group 2 microorganisms?

Back 6

Can cause disease, may be hazardous to workers, unlikely to spread to the community, treatment is available e.g. E.coli

Front 7

What are group 3 microorganisms?

Back 7

Can cause severe human disease, serious hazard to workers, may spread to community, treatment available e.g. Bacillius anthracis

Front 8

What are group 4 microorganisms?

Back 8

Can cause severe disease / death, serious hazard to employees, can spread to community, no treatment e.g. Ebola

Front 9

Why is medical microbiology important?

Back 9

- Antibiotic resistance

- Hospital acquired infections

- Food born illness

- Big killers e.g. TB, AIDS and malaria

- Epidemic viruses

Front 10

What is a pathogen?

Back 10

Any microorganism which causes a disease

Front 11

What is normal flora?

Back 11

10^14 microbial cells living on and in the body

Front 12

What is an endogenous infection?

Back 12

Caused by microorganisms which are part of normal bodily flora and do not cause an issue unless moved to parts of the body that it is not usually present in e.g Wounds

Front 13

What is an opportunistic infection?

Back 13

One in which the normal flora is disturbed causing an infection

Front 14

What is a nosocomal infection?

Back 14

An infection acquired in a hospital

Front 15

What are viruses?

Back 15

Need host cell to survive and multiply, may produce more virus particles or persist in the host genome

Front 16

What is fungi?

Back 16

Eukaryotic, uniellular / mycellular, dimorphic organism which causes the most serious infections in the immuno compromised

Front 17

How is bacteria identified in a lab?

Back 17

Size, cell shape, cell wall, capsules, spores, motion, growth characteristics and requirements etc.

Front 18

How is a gram stain carried out?

Back 18

Crystal violet 1 min - wash with water Iodene 1 min - wash with water Acetone 30 secs - wash with water Safarin 1 min - wash with h20 Blot dry

Front 19

What are flagella?

Back 19

Contain fillament which is a long shaft made of flagellin, the fillament is inserted into the hook, both of which are anchored to the cell wall by the basal body.

Structure varies in gram positive and negative bacteria, there are differences in proteins which are used in classification

Front 20

What are the types of Flagella?

Back 20

Peritricious

Single polar

Polar tuft flagella

EITHER run (flagella rotate counter clockwise and bundle together) or tumble (flagella rotate clockwise and cells spin randomly).

Front 21

What is blood agar used for?

Back 21

To determine haemolytic properties

Front 22

What is mannitol salt agar used for?

Back 22

Only staph can grow on this due to the high salt concentrations inhibiting growth of other microorganisms.

S.aureus ferments the mannitol producing acid causing the colonies to turn yellow. Staph epidermis has no effect and is thus pink

Front 23

What are biochemical tests used for?

Back 23

Usually for detection of an end product / detection of a colour change in order to identify a bacteria.

Front 24

What is a carbohydrate utilization test?

Back 24

Tubes containing sugars as a carbon source and phenol red PH indicator.

Fermentation result in the production of ATP Bacteria utilize the nutrients in their environment to produce ATP
The enzyme systems in bacteria allow them to oxidize environmental nutrient sources. Bacteria will use different energy sources in the medium depends on the specific enzymes of each bacteria.
Many bacteria possess the enzymes system required for the oxidation and utilization of the simple sugar, glucose.
Some bacteria have the ability to degrade complex carbohydrates like lactose, sucrose or even polysaccharides. Such bacterium should possess the enzymes that should cleave the glycosidic bonds between the sugar units and the resulting simple carbohydrate can be transported into the cell.
The characteristics feature of the enzyme production in the bacteria enables them to use diverse carbohydrates and this will aid in the identification of unknown bacteria.

Front 25

What is the indole test used for?

Back 25

To determine whether a bacterium can produce indole from tryptophan. th

Positive reaction is indicated by a red ring at the air-liquid interface following the addition of kovaks reagent

Front 26

What is a voges proskauer test?

Back 26

Used to determine the production of acetonin/diacyl in the glucose-peptone medium.

Positive results are red

Front 27

What are the issues with test tube reactions?

Back 27

Time consuming Expensive Space wasting Valuable source wasting