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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gametes
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Sex cells containing 1/2 the full karotype, for example egg and sperm cells. Produced in gonads. |
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Zygote |
Fertilized egg cell, forms form the combination of egg and sperm cells. |
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Heterochromatin |
Genes unused by cell; applicable in control mechanisms of cell differentiation |
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Exons |
Exons: sections of DNA that do no code for anything |
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Differentiation |
The process of developing cells of different structure and function from the original zygote. |
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Tissue |
Group of cells of the same type, function and structure. |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Tightly packed cells that cover and protect inner/outer cellular surfaces |
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Connective Tissue |
Supports and binds other tissue types, has a sparse population and is scattered through an extracellular matrix |
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Muscle Tissue |
Enables the cell to contract due to movement of their cytoskeleton's made of myosin and actin filaments |
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Nerve Tissue |
Cells that detect and respond to stimuli |
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Heart tissues and functions |
Tissue: Blood, muscle and nerve Function: Muscular pump to move blood to all parts of the body |
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Brain tissues and functions |
Tissues: Blood and nerve Function: Detect, process and transmit information as nerve impulses |
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Liver tissues and function |
Connective, blood |
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Cardiovascular system organs and function |
Organs: heart, arteries, veins Function: pump blood to vessel and capillaries |
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Digestive system organs and function |
Organs: stomach, mouth, intestines, pancreas Function: digest food, absorb nutrients |
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Excretory system organs and function |
Organs: kidney, bladder, skin Function: excrete water, regulate substance concentrations |
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Hormonal system organs and function |
Organs: glands, blood vessels Function: produce hormones from endocrine glands, transport to blood, co-ordinate activity |
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Immune system organs and function |
Organs: lymph glands, spleen Function: protect body from foreign substances |
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Nervous system organs and function |
Organs: brain, spinal cord Function: detect and respond to stimuli |
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Reproductive system organs and function |
Organs: testes, ovaries, uterus Function: produce gametes |
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Respiratory system organs and function |
Organs: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm Function: absorb gases into blood |
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Nervous system |
System of nerves throughout the body that are capable of carrying information through electrical impulses |
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Neurones |
Nerve cells up to 1m long in humans |
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Dendrites |
Recieve information |
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Axon |
The long tube bit. When the impulse reached the end of an axon, it stimulates a chemical release which diffuses across the synapse into the next dendrite. |
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CNS |
Central Nervous System. Consists of brain and spinal cord. |
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PNS |
Peripheral Nervous System. Carries information between outer organs and CNS |
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Nervous System Cycle |
1. Stimulus detected by receptor cells in skin, eyes and ears 2. Nerve impulse from detection travels through the sensory neuron to the CNS 3. Upon reaching brain, causes voluntary or reflex reaction 4. Impulse from CNS moves through a motor neurons that carries the message to an effector, e.g. gland or muscle where a response will occur |
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Hormones |
Chemicals produced by endocrine glands in one part of the body and carried by blood to affect other parts. Control growth and reproduction, some are steroids derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble, passing through cell membrane easily and directly affecting the receptor within the cell. Others are amino acids and effect protein receptors. TRIGGER ENZYME ACTIVITY TO MANAFACTURE CHEMICAL RELEASES |
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Antagonistic hormones |
Hormones working against each other |
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How do Nervous and Hormonal system work together |
Endocrine glands are effectors and respond impulses from the CNS, and the nervous system may be effected by hormones. |
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Compare speed, mode, specificity, and duration |
Nerves: fast, electrical impulses, highly specific, seconds Hormones: slow, chemicals in blood, general, minutes-years |
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Biotic and Abiotic |
Biotic: living factors, predation etc. Abiotic: non living factors, wind, water etc. |
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Five basic stimuli |
Temperature Light Chemicals Sound |
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Hypothermic/hyperthermic |
Hypothermic: cold Hyperthermic: hot |
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Kidneys |
Major excretion organ, removes waste materials, balances amount of water and other solvents |
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Nephron |
Functional unit of the kidney.
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Glomerulus |
Blood enters through the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus |
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Bowmans capsule |
Blood squeezed out of glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule containing amino acids, H2O, glucose, Na, Cl, L and urea |
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Proximal convoluted tuble |
Close to enterance, NaCl, glucose, amino acids reabsorbed back into blood by capillaries surrounding this tuble |
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Loop of Henle |
Majoirty of water is reabsorbed back into capillaries and more nutrients are also reabsorbed so filtrate becomes concentrated. |
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Distal convoluted tuble |
Further reabsorbtion, exits into collecting duct as urine |
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Movement of air |
trachea->broncio->bronchioles->alveoli |
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Inspiration |
Happens when diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. This increases chest cavity volume, decreases air pressure, and forces air in due to diffusion. |
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Expiration |
Passive process, can be forced in exercise when ab muscles exert pressure on intestines, pushing on the diaphragm causing volume to decrease, air pressure increase, air forced out. |
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Alveoli diffusion |
Blood comes in close proximity of alveoli though capillaries, causing diffusion of molecules across blood and alveoli. Oxygen from alveoli enters blood, carbon dioxide enters alveoli. The net effect is that blood becomes oxygenated and harmful carbon dioxide is lost. |
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Villi |
Small finger like projections richly supplied with capillaries and covered in hair like micro-villi. Are epithelial cells that are one cell thick and cover the small intestine. |
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Villi absorption |
Villi absorb glucose, glycerol, amino acids into the surrounding capillaries. Lipids are absorbed by the lacteals' lymph capillary. |
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Blood flow in villi |
Continuous flow maintains a concentration difference therefore nutrients continue absorbing. |
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Heart |
-blood received through right side, vena cava - pumps to pulmonary artery to the lungs - blood receives oxygen and loses carbon dioxide, then returns to heart through pulmonary vein and is pumped to body parts from aorta |
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Capillaries |
- epithelial cells surrounded by membrane - very close contactto all cells allowing exchange - able to leak plasma to create extracellular fluids - this e.f drains back into lymph capillaries - from blood capillaries, the blood drains into veins and venules and eventually back to the heart - back to heart, has lost pressure, requires skeletal contractions to move |
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Lymph capillaries |
- transport stuff that wont fit into capillaries e.g. proteins, fats. Also transports e.f back to blood so not to waste nutrients. |
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Endothermic |
constant body temperature all mammals and birds |
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Homeostasis |
Maintenance of constant internal conditions despite external fluctuations |
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Conduction and convection |
Conduction: direct contact with cold things Convection: heat loss due to movement of air near the body |
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Methods to stay warm |
- hair erection - rate of metabolism increases due to adrenalin and thyroxine - shivering |
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Vaso-constriction |
- to stay warm - blood flow to skin restricted; precapillary sphincters constrict, blood forced through shunt vessel which divert blood away from skin |
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Methods to cool down |
- flatting of hair - sweat glands secrete onto skin and evaporate - panting (dogs) - metabolic activity decreased |
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Vaso-dilution |
- sphincters dilate, more heat lost through skin surface |
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Autotrophs |
obtains energy from inorganic source (photosynthesis) |
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Heterotrophic |
obtains energy from organic molecules by eating other animals and plants |
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Photosynthesis |
Process by which light is converted into chemical energy (glucose) which is stored (cellulose or starch) or used (ATP).
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Limiting factors of photosynthesis |
- light colour and intensity - leaf type - CO2 concentration - temperature |
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Predators |
eat plants and animals: holozoic nutrition |
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Fungi and bacteria |
bread down dead materials: saphotrophic nutrition |
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Animals living in/on other organisms |
parasitic nutrition |
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Aerobic Respiration |
in presence of oxygen |
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Alcohol fermentation |
plant anaerobic respiration |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation |
glucose -> lactic acids 2C3H6O a animals |
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what is energy required for |
growth movement repair reproduction |
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Sexual reproduction |
Always two gametes fusing together to form a zygote. |
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Haploid |
Contains 1/2 required chromosomes, a gamete is haploid. When two combine you get diploid which is all 46 chromosomes. Only code for 1 gene per characteristic, no recessive and dominant genes. |
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Asexual Reproduction |
Occurs without fertilization, is quick and energy efficient, and only variation occurs from mutation. Mitosis and Binary Fission are asexual methods. |
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Budding |
Small animals able to produce buds that break away and form new organisms |
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Fragmentation |
Adult body breaks into several pieces which form new organisms, or grow new limbs. |
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Vegetative Reproduction |
When bit of plant breaks of and grows, e.g. roses. |
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Meiosis |
explain it lol |
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Crossing Over |
During prophase 1, homologous chromosomes lie next to each other and are bivalent. They touch at multiple point, chiasmata, and endo-nucleases snip identical sites of both chromotids and the DNA swaps over. Then normal meiosis occurs and the end result is two cells with double the required DNA, which are NOT identical to the parents of each other. |
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Independent Assortment |
homologous pairs have random arrangement in metaphase 1 causing millions of possible arrangement |
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Factors contributing to variation in offpsring |
- mutation - crossing over - independent assortment - random fertilization of random egg and random sperm |
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Variation and survival |
Variation always occurs, some organisms with better suited genes will survive, others will not. Variation is followed by natural selection, and evolution. |
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Adaptions |
Features that are selected to ensure the organism is well suited to its environment |
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Transgeneis (transplantation) |
- plasmid isolated and target DNA purified - wanted gene inserted into plasmid - plasmid inserted into bacteria - cells are cloned with gene of interest |
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Cloning |
- unfertilized egg from mother is taken and DNA removed - cells from father fused into egg - forms embryo - inserted into surrogate - exact copy of father is born |
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Plant propagation |
- explants removed from stem, root or bud and sterilized - transferred into a culture vessel containing nutrient agar jelly and ideal conditions - callus develops small shoots appear - shoots removed and grown in greenhouse
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