Saccharide Structure And Nomenclature

Front 1

4 propreties of CHO

Back 1

1. E stores, fuel & metab. intermediates
2. Structure for RNA & DNA: Ribose & deoxyribose sugars
3. struc. elem. of bact/plants cell: polysacc. (Cellulose most
organ. compound in biosphere
4. Linked to prot & lip (mediating interac. in cells d/t huge struct. diversity)

Front 2

Simplest monosacc.
How many exist

Back 2

Triose (n = 3)

Front 3

General formula for Carb

Back 3

(C-H2O)n

Front 4

Formula for keto group

Back 4

O==C

Front 5

Formula for aldehyde group

Back 5

O
\\
C---H

Front 6

Name of triose with keto group

Back 6

dihydroxyacetone (triose)

Front 7

Name of triose with aldehyde group

Back 7

D-glyceraldehyde

L-glyceraldehyde
(aldose)

Front 8

what is study of arrangement of atoms in 3D space

Back 8

stereochemistry

Front 9

2 molecules which can be made identical by flipping or rotating are called:

Back 9

superimposable

Front 10

what is an enantiomer

Back 10

2 stereoisomers which are mirror images & non-superimposable, ex. hands

Front 11

describe stereoisomers

Back 11

same molec. form./sequence of atoms but differ. 3-D orient.

Front 12

Describe enantiomer

Back 12

one type of stereoisomer, nonsuperimposable mirror images

Front 13

Which sugar has 5 C and 3-H on the left & 3-OH on the right?

Back 13

D-ribose

Front 14

D-Glucose is derived from which 3-C sugar?

Back 14

D-Arabinose

Front 15

On which Carbon does alpha-D-Glucose and Galactose differ in the OH-H molecule arrangement? Is H up or down on Glucose?

Back 15

1, which H in up position on the glucose

Front 16

What are Hemiacetals and hemiketals?

Back 16

Hemiacetals and hemiketals from alcohol + aldehydes or + ketones respectively

Front 17

How are enantiomer prefixes 'D-' or 'L- determined? according to the handedness of the chiral carbon atom that is farthest from the carbonyl

Back 17

from handedness of the chiral carbon atom (C5 in hexose) farthest from the carbonyl (if OH on Left, then L/vice versa)

Front 18

Describe Fisher vs Haworth projection

Back 18

Fisher: 2 dimension molecule representation
Haworth: Ring structure

Front 19

describe anomer

Back 19

sugar which differs only at hemiacetal or hemiketal C (anomeric C (C1)) designated as α and β.

Front 20

How is alpha and beta determined on carb.

Back 20

Haworth: with the OH at the anomeric C1:
α (OH below the ring)
β (OH aBove the ring).
Fischer, α if anomeric (C1 or C2) -OH on same side as the -OH of highest # asymmetric C (C-5 for hexoses)
β: if opposite sides, –OH at C-1 and C-5 in diff direction

Front 21

Which 3 acids can Aldoses be oxidized as?

Back 21

Aldonic acids: aldehyde converted to carboxyl gr (gluc –gluconic acid)
Uronic acids: alcohol at the is oxid to COOH (ex.Gluc --> glucuronic acid)
Saccharic acids(glycaric acids): oxidation at both ends

Front 22

1. Which enz converts glucose to gluconic acid? 2. Other product in reaction?

Back 22

1. Glucose oxidase
2. Hydrogen peroxide

Front 23

Explain basis for measurement of urinary glucose

Back 23

During glucose oxidation, addition of peroxidase and o-dianisidine forms yellow color in presence of glucose

Front 24

What happens if Solution of cupric ion, Cu2+ is added to sugar

Back 24

produce reducing sugar -->
aldehyde gr is oxidized

Front 25

what type of linkage is in all polymers of monosaccharides?

Back 25

glycosidic bonds

Front 26

What is an acetal linkage?

Back 26

anomeric sugar carbon is condensed with an alcohol, amine or thiol

Front 27

What is a glycoside?

Back 27

glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond.

Front 28

name 4 type of glycoside bond based on atom bound to
1. O
2. C
3. S
4. N

Back 28

1. O-glycoside bond
2.C-glycoside bond
3.a thioglycoside bond
4. a glycosylamine bond

Front 29

Name 2 modified monosaccharides frequently expressed on cell surface

Back 29

fucose
acetylgalactosamine

Front 30

Name 3 disaccharides, constituents, type on bound

Back 30

Sucrose (gluc-fruct) --> 1,2B
Lactose (gluc-galac) -->1,4@
Maltose (glu-glu) --> 1,4@

Front 31

Which group of enz catalyse oligosacch. synthesis?

Back 31

Glycosyltransferases, catalyze formation of glycosidic bounds, each enz sugar-specific

Front 32

what nucleotide is an important intermediate in sacc. formation processes

Back 32

UDP-glucose

Front 33

Name 3 common STORAGE homoglycans & bond types

Back 33

1. Amylose (1-4α)
2.Amylopectin α(1-4) &
α(1-6) branches
3. Glycogen α(1-4) &
α(1-6) branches

Front 34

Name 2 common STRUCTURAL homoglycans & bond types

Back 34

1. Cellulose β(1-4)
2. Chitin β(1-4)

Front 35

What determines type of stucture in polysacch?

Back 35

α bonds form bent chain good for storage
β bonds form straight chain good for structure

Front 36

Can mammels digest cellulose?
Why or why not?

Back 36

Lack cellulases, thus cannot digest wood/veg fibers
Bacteria can hydrolyze in the rumen

Front 37

What is the molecular difference between D-Glu and D-Mannose?

Back 37

at C2, OH is R for glu and L for Man

Front 38

Name 3 aldohexoses

Back 38

Glu, mannose, galactose

Front 39

Name 1 ketohexose

Back 39

Fructose (C3 has OH on the L)

Front 40

Name on modified monosacharride with L configuration

Back 40

β-L-fucose

Front 41

Where would you find Chitin?

Back 41

Shelf of shrimps

Front 42

What are glycoaminoglycans

Back 42

Repeating disaccharide units made of hexose +
amino sugar, glucosamine or galactosamine
At least one as neg charged S or Carboxyl gr.

Front 43

Name 2 glycoaminoglycans (anionic polysaccharides)

Back 43

Heparin and hyaluronate

Front 44

What is unique about hyaluronate vs. other glycoaminoglycans

Back 44

1. Only GAG non-sulfunated
2. Forms in plasma
3. found in extra cellular matrix, especially when load bearing joint

Front 45

ABO Blood typing is based on addition of which two sugar molecules to RBC antigens?

Back 45

A: addtion of acetylglucosamine (GluNAc)
B: Galactose
to O antigen made of oligosacc.

Front 46

During glycosyl moiety biosynthesis, how many sugar residue need to link before it can transfer onto protein?

Back 46

14