Sabs Test 04

Front 1

these cells are present during acute inflammation

Back 1

PMNs, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells
(polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

Front 2

these cells are present during chronic inflammation

Back 2

plasma cells, B/T lymphocytes, macrophages
(mononuclear leukocytes)

Front 3

these are the local clinical (observable) signs of acute inflammation

Back 3

calor (heat) rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), funtio laesa (loss of function)

Front 4

what are the 2 general themes of inflammation?

Back 4

inflammation, repair

Front 5

the basic pattern of acute inflammation is the same, but intensity is determined by (2 things):

Back 5

strength of the attacker
reactive capability of the host

Front 6

hemodynamic changes that occur with acute inflammation are:

Back 6

1. transient vasoconstriction
2. vasodilation
3. changes in vascular permeability

Front 7

types of exudates of acute inflammation (4)

Back 7

1. serous
2. fibrinous
3. purulent
4. hemorrhagic

Front 8

causes of vascular permeability (5)
(3 of these causes involving endothelium)

Back 8

1. endothelial cell contraction
2. endothelial cell retraction
3. endothelial cell injury
4. leukocyte-dependent injury
5. leakage from new blood vessels

Front 9

this is released from mast cells and makes the endothelium of the vasculature contract

Back 9

histamine

Front 10

an example of vascular permeability from endothelial cell injury

Back 10

sunburn (which leads to dead cells and inflammation in order to regrow cells through repair the dead tissue)

Front 11

this is the term for the movement of WBC from the center to periphery
(roll and tumble, slow and stick: selectins)

Back 11

margination

Front 12

this is the chemical signal for margination

Back 12

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and TNF

Front 13

what is the term for the activation of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium (ICAM and VCAM). these adhesion molecules interact with integrins on WBC

Back 13

pavementing

Front 14

the term for the movement of WBCs out of the vasculature and into the infected tissue is

Back 14

emigration

Front 15

these are the first acute inflammatory cells at the site of bacterial inflammation

Back 15

PMNs

Front 16

________ are the first acute inflammatory cells at the site of fugal infection

Back 16

PMNs

Front 17

these are the first acute inflammatory cells at the site of viral/immune infection

Back 17

lymphocytes

Front 18

this WBC type is the first to arrive at the site of an allergic reaction OR a parasitic infestation

Back 18

eosinophils

Front 19

the communication between WBCs in order to direct certain cell types to the site of infection is known as

Back 19

chemotaxis

Front 20

corticosteroids inhibit ______, which helps to keep cells from moving into tissue and destroying it

Back 20

IL-1

Front 21

phagocytosis of bacteria stimulates phagocyte ______, which then generates ROS

Back 21

oxidase

Front 22

a phagolysosome contains these different components, which break down bacteria upon phagocytosis

Back 22

1. lysosomal enzymes
2. lysozyme
3. major basic protein
4. defensins
5. enzyme: myeloperoxidase

Front 23

what effect do vasoactive amines (specifically histamine) have on the surrounding tissue?

Back 23

1. dilation of BV (interacts with H1 receptors on BV)
2. increased vascular permeability and VE activation

Front 24

name the 3 symptoms of the triple response of Lewis

Back 24

1. Red spot: due to capillary dilation
2. Wheal: raised spot on flesh, due to exudation of fluid from capillaries and venules
3. Flare: redness in the surrounding area due to arteriolar dilatation mediated by axon reflex.

Front 25

what are the functions of the complement pathway?

Back 25

increased vascular permeability, leukocyte chemotaxis, opsinization, cell lysis

Front 26

the C3a receptor functions to...

Back 26

stimulate mast cells to release histamine

Front 27

the C3b receptor functions to...

Back 27

aid in opsinization

Front 28

the C5a receptor is responsible for...

Back 28

anaphylatoxin (activates the arachidonic acid pathway)

Front 29

MAC attack! (what does MAC do?)

Back 29

Membrane Attack Complex
this perforates the cell membrane with holes

Front 30

_________ inhibit the arachidonic acid pathway

Back 30

corticosteroids

Front 31

NSAIDS inhibit the ___________ pathway

Back 31

cyclooxygenase

Front 32

the cycooxygenase pathway is involved in the production of __________ and _________ from arachidonic acid

Back 32

prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Front 33

_____ _ ______ ______ incorporate into membranes, but are not easily broken down into AA

Back 33

omega-3 fatty acids

Front 34

_______ _______ block the lipoxygenase pathway

Back 34

leukotriene inhibitors

Front 35

the lipoxygenase pathway is involved in the production of _____ and ________

Back 35

leukotrienes and lipoxins

Front 36

prostaglandins cause (5 things)

Back 36

1. vasodilation
2. potentiates inflammation
3. inhibits platelets
4. pain
5. fever

Front 37

leukotrienes cause (3 things)

Back 37

1. vasoconstriction
2. bronchospasm
3. increased vascular permeability

Front 38

_____ system leades to formation of bradykinin and activates fibrinolytic system

Back 38

kinin

Front 39

what are the 3 inter-related systems of plasma proteases?

Back 39

complement pathway, clotting, kinin-fibrolytic

Front 40

this is the dietary name given to the majority of phospholipids in the cell membrane

Back 40

linoleic acid

Front 41

the ______ system leads to thrombin formation

Back 41

clotting

Front 42

_______ __ activates plasma proteases

Back 42

Factor XII

Front 43

steroid use can lead to

Back 43

increased IOP and cataracts

Front 44

leukotrienes are typically used to prevent ________ attacks

Back 44

asthma

Front 45

long term use of NSAIDS can induce _________ in ________

Back 45

asthma in asthmatics

Front 46

the etymology of the term cytokine is

Back 46

cyto- cell
kine- released
(chemicals released by cells)

Front 47

_____ induces the growth of new blood vessels

Back 47

VEG-F

Front 48

__ is very short lived, causes very rapid vasodilation, has cytotoxic effects

Back 48

NO

Front 49

_____ causes cachexia (the part of illness that makes you feel horrible)

Back 49

TNF (tumor necrosis factor)

**cachexia is a big deal with cancer patients, AIDS patients, pregnant women

Front 50

what are the 3 characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Back 50

1. mononuclear lymphocytes (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells--eosinophils in immune response)
2. proliferation of fibroblasts
3. angiogenesis

Front 51

name the 4 parts characteristic of a granuloma

Back 51

1. epithelioid macrophages
2. central caseous necrosis
3. giant cells
4. rim of lymphocytes

Front 52

what are the two types of giant cells seen in granulomatous tissue?

Back 52

langhans (nuclei around border)
foreign body (nuclei interspersed)

Front 53

if you put a Pt on Ab and the Pt develops a rash, have them ______ the Ab immediately

Back 53

stop

Front 54

TB is caused by this strain of bacteria

Back 54

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 55

these are the 3 typical, characteristic stages of cellular necrosis

Back 55

karyolysis
pyknosis
karyorrhexis

Front 56

define necrosis

Back 56

the sum of the morphological changes following cell death

Front 57

the three microscopic characteristics indicative of necrosis

Back 57

karyolysis
pyknosis
karyorrhexis

Front 58

what are the three types of typical necrosis?

Back 58

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous

Front 59

what are the typical components of granulation tissue?

Back 59

new blood vessels (angiogenesis), fibroblasts, chronic inflammatory cells

Front 60

what is the hormone involved in neovascularization of scar tissue formation?

Back 60

VEG-F (Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor)

Front 61

this is the term given to the loss of central vision due to neovascularization of the macula

Back 61

wet macula degeneration

Front 62

"wet" macular degeneration involves ________ at the macula

Back 62

neovascularization

Front 63

proliferative diabetic retinopathy involves neovascularization retinal tissue because of _______

Back 63

hypoxia

Front 64

these 2 drugs are used to treat diabetic retinopathy

Back 64

anti-VEG-F
corticosteroids

Front 65

this type of wound healing involves a clean cut, minor neovascularization, and minor scar formation

Back 65

healing by first intention

Front 66

this is the type of scar that involves type I or type III collagen formation. it is the result of overgrowth of granulation tissue

Back 66

keloid

Front 67

this type of TB shows macrophages transporting the bacteria throughout the body

Back 67

miliary TB

Front 68

this is caused or begun in order to prevent the cell from causing an autoimmune response

Back 68

apoptosis

Front 69

_______ cells have a lower level of replication than do labile cells

Back 69

stabile (liver cells)

Front 70

________ cells have a high rate of replication

Back 70

labile

Front 71

________ cells can't regenerate

Back 71

permanent
(i.e. corneal endo, neurons, cardiac muscle cells)

Front 72

with regard to DM, if the fundus displays a vascular net (neovascularization), it can be assumed that the _______ aren't functioning

Back 72

kidneys

Front 73

term for big group of blood vessels gwring in (can be used for corneal neovascularization or arthritic neovascularization)

Back 73

pannus

Front 74

_______ pull together scar tissue after formation of scar tissue

Back 74

myofibroblasts

Front 75

factors affecting healing

Back 75

1. age
2. nutrition
3. blood diseases
4. diabetes mellitus
5. corticosteroids
6. local influences