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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 groups of hydrophobic AA?
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Aliphatic & Aromatic
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What are the 6 Aliphatic AAs?
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Glycine
Alanine Proline Valine Leucine Isoleucine |
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What are the 3 Aromatic AAs?
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Phenylalanine
Tyrosine Tryptophane |
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What are the groups of hydrophillic AAs?
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Polar, Uncharged
Acidic Basic |
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What are the Polar AAs?
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Asparagine
Glutamine Serine Threonine Methionine Cysteine |
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what are the sulfur AA?
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Methionine & Cysteine
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what are the Acidic AAs?
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Aspartate
Glutamate |
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What are the Basic AAs?
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Arginine
Lysine Histidine |
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What AA is most likely found in turns or a hairpin loop?
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Proline
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what is the pH of a lysosome?
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4.5-5 (acidic)
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what is the pH of the cytoplasm?
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~ 7.1 neutral
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what is the pH of the mitochondria?
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8 basic
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Why is the enzyme velocity curve a hyperbola instead of a straight line?
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changes in in substrate used
product accumulation loss of activity all cause rx to slow |
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if the [S] = Km, then what is the initial enzyme velocity?
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Vi = 1/2 Vmax
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if the [S] is >> Km, what is the enzymatic velocity
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high, closer to Vmax
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Michaelis-Menton equation
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Vi = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])
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Vmax
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[E]
turnover number of enzyme - how many substrate molecules/ time = Kcat Vmax = Kcat [E] |
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Km
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dissociation constant of E w/substrate -->~ 1/affinity
independent of [E] --> intrinsic property of enzyme |
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An enzyme w/ low Km has ? Affinity, ?Vi
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higher affinity
higher Vi Hexokinase has a very low Km, --> reaction rate is independent of [S] |
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Lactate DeHydrogenase (LDH)
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enzyme that catalyzes Pyruvate <-- --> Lactate
Tetramer M4 in serum - liver disease H4 in serum - heart attack |
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these are non-protein molecules that participate in catalytic process.
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Cofactors
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What are CoEnzymes?
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Organic CoFactor
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What is a tightly bound CoFactor called?
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prosthetic group
Ex: Heme is a prosthetic group in hemeglobin |
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A CoEnzyme that is not bound
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Secondary Substrate
Ex: FAD & NAD Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA --> Pyruvate Dehydrogenase--> Acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2 NAD was reduced to NADH & Pyruvate was O |
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase needs these Coenzymes
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Coenzyme: NAD+
Prosthetic Group: Thiamin (Vit B1) |
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what it a Vit
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organic molecule required for certain metabolic functions
can't synthesize, or enough for our need |
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Minimum Daily Requirement
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enough to prevent signs & symptoms of disease
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Recommended daily allowance
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> MDR
should avoid biochemical deficiencies |
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What are some water soluble Vitamins?
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Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (NAD) Pantothenic acid (B vit, --> CoA) |
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one of the first signs of deficiency in this vit can cause vision probmens
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Thiamin (B1)
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Thiamin
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one of the first signs of deficiency= vision problems
Needed for utlization of sugars beri-beri, wenicke's encephalopathy, Ophthalmoplegia |
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Ophthalmoplegia
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paralysis or weakness of one or more of the extra ocular muscles
may be due to alcoholism |
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wenicke's encephalopathy & Optometry
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affects optic nerve
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Riboflavin
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Vit B2 --> FMN -->FAD
used in oxidative phosphorylation Deficiency --> Angular stomatitis (fissures at the corners of the mouth) and breakdown of skin |
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ophthalmoplegia- caused by what dificency?
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Thiamin (B1)
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Deficiency in this is rare
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Pantothenic Acid
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Pellagra can be caused by a deficiency in
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Niacin
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Angular Stomatitis can be caused by a deficiency in
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Riboflavin (B2)
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Dry Eye can be caused by a deficiency in
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Vit A - needed for stratified squamous cells
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Pyridoxal Phosphate (B6)
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amino acid metabolism
deficiency during pregnancy and alcoholism (anemia, neuropathy) |
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Biotin
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(a B vitamin) From diet and intestinal bacteria
Needed for carboxylase reactions. e.g. hemoglobin |
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Tetrahydrofolate
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B vitamin
needed for purine synthesis deficiency causes anemia, heart disease |
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anemia can be caused by a deficiency in
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Tetrahydrofolate
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) - pernicious anemia Pyridoxal Phosphate (B6) Fe Biotin |
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Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
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absorption requires intrinsic factor
folate usage and myelin formation Deficiency: pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor), optic neuritis. |
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Ascorbate
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Vit C
reducing agent, hydroxylzes proline and lysine in collagen Deficiency (scurvy, breakdown of connective tissue). Found in aqueous humor Reduces oxygen free radicals in the eye |
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a deficiency in these will cause a breakdown in Connective tissue
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Ascorbate (Vit C)
Riboflavin (B2) |
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optic neuritis. caused by what deficiency?
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Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
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what are the Fat Soluble Vitamins?
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Beta-carotene
Vitamin D Tocopherols (vitamin E) Vitamin K |
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What Vit are made in the gut?
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Vit K
Biotin (a B vitamin) |
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Beta-carotene
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night blindness
hyperkeratosis xerophthalmia |
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Vit D
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calcium absorption
Coenzyme for parathyroid hormone. |
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Tocopherols
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Vit E - antioxidant
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Vit K
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needed in the coagulation cascade
diet & gut bac |
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hyperkeratosis
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thickening of the stratum corneum
caused by Vit A deficiency |
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xerophthalmia
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dry eye
Vit A deficiency |
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coenzyme for parathyroid hormone
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Vit D
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Age related macular degeneration & Vit Deficiency
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Vit C
Eating green leafy vegetables has proven to be slightly effective because it acts as a “sunscreen” over the macula |
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Competitive Inhibitors
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active site
Rate is depressed, adding substrate will speed up the reaction same Vmax, but a larger Km (i.e., lower affinity). |
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methotrexate
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competitive inhibitor - dihydrofolate reductase
competes with folate cancer chemotherapeutic agent. |
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dihydrofolate reductase
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which catalyzes the formation of TTP using folate
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Sulfa drugs
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Competitive inhibitors
competes with PABA needed by bacteria to make folic acid |
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does not affect Km, but does reduce Vmax
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Noncompetitive inhibitors
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Noncompetitive inhibitors
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Allosteric
does not affect Km, but does reduce Vmax bind to enzyme or enzyme –substrate complex changes enzyme shape to stop product formation |
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Completely deoxygenated hemoglobin is in what structure?
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Taut structure --> releases O2 more easily
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Completely oxygenated hemoglobin is in what structure?
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Relaxed --> binds O2 more readily
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What governs the structure of hemoglobin?
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electrostatic interactions among the chains - histidine
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Endopeptidases
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hydrolyze within the chain
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What are some endopeptidases?
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Pepsin
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase (serine proteases secreted by the pancreas |
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Exopeptidases
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hydrolyze from the ends
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what are some exopeptidases?
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Carboxypeptidases - pancreas
aminopeptidases - intestinal mucosa |
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What does epinephrine do in a cell?
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--> Adenylate cyclase
--> makes more cAMP --> cAMP releases the Regulator units & activates PKA PKA phosphorylates downstream targets |
