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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What initiates wound healing? What are the 4 phases?
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Platelets initiate wound healing.
4 phases = Inflammatory, Debridment, Repair, and maturation |
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Glycogen
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Animal specific starch (carbohydrate) that can be split into glucose quickly to supply energy to muscles and tissues rapidly when sugar is in immediat demand. Glycogen in the body is stored in the liver and muscle tissue.
Consumption of excess carbs results in its storage as glycogen or converted to fat |
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Essential fatty acids
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Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from diet alone. It is polysaturated, long chained fatty acid that is necessary for normal body functions, along with playing roles in kidney and reproductive functions, cell membrane formation, and prostaglandin production.
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Essential amino acids
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Amino acids that arestructures that the body can not synthesize and must be included in the animals diet (taurine)
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Water content in moist, semi-moist and dry foods
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Moist - 70 - 83%
Semi-moist = 25 - 35% moisture Dry = 3 - 11% moisture |
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Puppy/kitten nutrition
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Feed on milk for about the 1st 4 weeks.
Should be weighed to ensure they are getting enough nutrition, average growth rate of 2-4g a day. Orphaned puppies/kittens should be fed a milk replacement formula every 2-4 hours. Weaning occurs around 6-8 weeks |
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Feeding post parturition
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Placed on growth/lactating formula when pregnant. After parturition, needs rise to 50% the first week and by 200-400% by the fourth week of lactation
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Treatment of obesity
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Considered obese when 15 - 20% above normal body weight.
Goal: 1-2% weight loss/ week over 6-8 months. NO CRASH DIETS Increase excersize and feed with a calorie restricted diet |
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RER Calculations
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Resting Energy requirement
>5kg = 30 x kg + 70 kcal = <5kg = 60 x kg + 70 kcal = There are 1.5 kcals in 1 ml recovery diet. |
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IER
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Illness energy requirements
Hospitalized = RER x 1.2 Sx/Truama = RER x 1.5 Cancer/Sepsis = RER x 1.7 Burns = RER x 2.0 |
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TPN
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Total parenteral nutrition. Contains all nutrients body needs to survive. Administration of TPN is done through a central venous or peripheral catheter using strict sterile technique
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Continuous feeding - Enteral feeding
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Typically done with PEG (Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy) and j tubes
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Assisted feeding - Enteral feeding
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Syringe feeding to boost caloric intake in the patient that is still eating but not enough
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Repeated bolus - Enteral feeding
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Used for pharyngostomy, esophagostomy.
orogastric and nasogastric tubes used |
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Checking placement of orogastric tube
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Palpate the tube in the neck, 2 firm structures should be palpable
Smell the end of the tube for gastric odors Blow into the tube while another person listens for gurgling Infuse 5 ml of sterile saline and observe for a cough. Coughing indicates incorrect placement. |
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Feeding schedules for enteral feeding
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Start with a small amount and progressively work up to a full amount.
Ex = Day one - 1/3 food into 2/3 water Day two - 2/3 food into 1/3 water Day three - full food amount Food is blened and divided into portions and fed q 4-8 hrs |
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Gastronomy tube feeding
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Tube goes into the stomach. Veterinarian places.
Indicated for long term feeding in patients that are vomiting, have resp disease, pancreatitis, anorexia or after sx or trauma of the esphagus. Vet will place this in patient that is in R lat recumbency, as an actual surgical procedure will need to be done! Patient fed a liquid diet, but you will wait 12 hrs after placing before geeding If less than 16 weeks in, you can simply remove, if greater than 16 weeks, more complicated. Hole allowed to heal by second intention (on it's own) |
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PEG tube
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Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastronomy tube. Only tube that involves an endoscope.
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Esophagostomy feeding tube
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AKA E-tube
Indicated for short term feeding where disease or injury is cranial to the pharynx. Requires anesthesia Indicated for anorexic, oral sx, or trauma or cancer patients. Use caution in vomiting or patients with respiratory disease 14 F or larger tube used Common procedure in cats |
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Orogastic placement
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Canine - nares to the last rib, felines - nares to the 10 - 11th rib.
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Nasogastric
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Canine = Nares to the 6-9th rib, felines nares to the 7th - 8th rib
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Nasoesophageal tube placement
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The distance between the nares to the distal esophagus 8-9th rib
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Esophagostomy tube
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midcervical esophagus on L side of neck to the 7th rib
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Second intention
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Contraction and epitheliaztion. Wounds heals w/o surgical closure
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Third intention healing
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Secondary closure
Closure after 3 - 5 days, when granulation tissue has already developed. Severely contaminated traumatized wounds and requries a lot od debridement |
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Signs of impending birth (canine)
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Relaxing of abdominal and pelvic muscles
Drop in rectal temp (caused by drop in progesterone) to 98 - 99 F Restless nesting behavior |
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Stage one of parturition (canine)
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6-12 hurs, up to 36
Uterine contractions begin, restless, pain, digging, shivering, vomiting, refusal to eat, dialated cervix, pups rotating into presenting position |
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Potential problems during partruition
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Green-black discharge but no puppy w/in 4-6 hrs (miconium)
No contractions since sac broke Weak and infrequent contractions for more than 4 hours Strong contractions with regular abdominal straining for 30 min More than 2-4 hrs have passed since the last pup |
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Stage 2 of parturition
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3-12 hrs, up to 24 hrs
Temp returns to normal 1st pup enteres the pelvic canal Noticable uterine contractions Clear discharge Pups should follow in 1-4 hrs |
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Our role once pup is born - Human intervention
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Intervene only if the bitch is not licking the pup to remove the sac and stimulate breathing.
Use your fingers to break open sac Clear the airway with a bulb syringe Rub w/ a towel Cut the cord and tie with suture ID and weight the puppy Return to mom to begin nursing |
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Stage 3 of parturition
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Expulstion of the placenta
Usually 15 minutes after the birth of 1-3 pups. Green-black vaginal discharge is normal for up to 3 weeks |
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Abnormal parturition for canines
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More than 4 hours between the delivery of each puppy
More than 30 minutes of strong contractions Brucellosis |
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Abnormal parturition for felines
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More than 30 minutes of severe labor with no kittens
Labor following delivery of all kittens with no afterbirth |
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Resuscitation of puppies
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Immediately check for vital signs, then if not good...
Perform ABC's Clear airway - suction (gently), administer drugs, acupuncture, toe pinch, and aggressively rub them! CPR Check mentation Can apply acupuncute with a 25g or less needle on the bottom of the nose to stimulate respirations |
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Neonate exam - Head, ears, nose and oral cavity
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Check for malformations of the skull, stenotic nares and cleft palate (usually euthanized for cleft palate)
External ear canals open between 6-14 days after birth and should be enterely open at 17 days Nose = patency of nostrils and presence of fluid |
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Neonate exam - Thorax
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Check thoracic wall to make sure chest cavity is not deformed
Ausculate chest: HR = 220 bpm and RR = 15-35 Brpm |
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Neonate exam - abdomin
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Palpate to ensure liver is normal size
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Neonate exam - skin and umbilicus
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Inspect for wounds and herniations. Check hydration and condition of foot pads
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Neonate exam - Limbs, tail, anus and genitalia
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Look for deformities, absence of long bones and condition of joints
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Orphan nursing care of neonates
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Unable to control their body temp so keep outside tem at 86-90 f, and lower it over the next 3 weeks to 75 F.
Fed commercially prepped formula via nipple bottle, dosing syringe or tube - 5fr for <300 g, 8-10 fr for >300g Be sure to stimulate defecation after each feeding (can defecate on their own at 3 weeks) |
