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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Obj.
Describe the role of the anatomo-clinical method in the development of the theory of cortical localization of function. |
involved palpating irregularities on the skull to make inferences about the underlying cortical structures and linking these to mental capacities.
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Obj.
Name and identify the six layers component layers of neocortex |
I – Molecular (Plexiform) Layer
II – Outer Granular Layer III – Outer Pyramidal Layer IV – Inner Granular Layer V – Inner Pyramidal Layer VI – Multiform Layer |
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Roughly 90% of the cerebral cortex is ___________
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neocortex
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Obj.
Compare and contrast between heterotypical agranular and granular cortex. |
heterotypical agranular:
- primary motor cortex - dominated by pyramidal projection neurons granular cortex: - primary sensory cortex - dominated by smaller cells, stellate cells |
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Pyramidal neurons are present in all molecular layers except _____
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Layer 1
*Prominent in 2, 3, & 5 |
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__________ dendrites extend toward the molecular layer
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large apical dendrites
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___________ dendrites project horizontally
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basal dendrites
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Giant pyramidal neurons of Betz are only found where?
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in motor cortex--> in layer 5
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pyramidal neurons are the major output pathway of the _______________
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cerebral cortex
NOTE: fusiform modified pyramidal cells project to thalamus from layer 6 |
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___________ neurons are intrinsic neurons most numerous in layer 4
What type of projections do they receive? |
stellate neurons
thalamocortical projections |
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(spiny/aspiny) stellate cells are only excitatory interneurons (Glu)
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spiny stellate
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Chandelier cells are found in what layer?
w/ dendrites in what layer? |
layer 3
dendrites in layer 4 |
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Basket cells are present in what layers w/ dendrites in all layers?
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3 & 5
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found in deeper layers, multipolar neurons w/ short branching dendrites & an axon that projects into superficial layers
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Cells of Martinotti
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Obj.
Describe the different types of fibers (axons) originating and terminating in cerebral cortex: local intrinsic neurons corticofugal corticopetal |
local intrinsic neurons- connect diff layers
corticofugal- go to subcortical areas, brainstem, & spinal cord corticopetal- from the thalamus to layer 5 |
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Noradrenergic, seritonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic from other subcortical nuclei – diffuse inputs
why type of axons? |
corticopetal
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2 types of IntRAhemispheric (association fiibers)
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long association= layer 3 & 5 connect lobes together
(pictured above) short association= layer 2 & 3 connect gyri together |
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INtERhemispheric (Callosal fibers) connect the R & L hemisphers (corpus callosum) & temporal poles (anterior commissure).
What layer? |
layer 3
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Brodmann's areas are cytoarchitectural areas used to describe what?
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functional areas of the cortex
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Primary motor cortex
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area 4
*precentral gyrus (frontal) = major motor output register to spinal cord & brain |
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premotor cortex & supplementary motor area
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area 6
*front of precental gyrus (frontal) --> pink area ^ = planning of motor activities |
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frontal eye fields
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area 8
*anterior to premotor cortex (frontal)--> teal ^ = cortical (conscious) control of eye movements |
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Broca’s area on left (pars triangularis & opercularis of Inferior Frontal Gyrus)
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area 44 & 45
*pars trangularis (red) & pars opercularis (blue) (inferior frontal gyrus) = motor area for speech in dominant hemisphere (left usually) |
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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areas 1, 2, & 3
*postcentral gyrus (purple) (parietal) = response to modality of discriminitive touch, vibration, position, pain, & temp |
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Somatosensory Association areas
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areas 5 & 7
*superior parietal lobule (pink) = understanding spoken & written language (usually L hem) (integration of kinesthetic sense, hand eye coordination) |
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Primary Visual Cortex
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area 17
*on both sides of calcarine sulcus (occipital) |
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Visual Association Cortex
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areas 18 & 19
*extrastriate cortex (occipital) = processing of visual data to percieve motion, depth (binocular vision), color, & object position |
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Primary Auditory Cortex
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areas 41 & 42
* w/i lateral fissure, transverse temporal gyru (of Heschl) = audition, recieves info from BOTH ears, recognition of sounds= coordinates understanding of spoken language |
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Auditory Association Cortex (left posterior- Wernicke’s area)
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area 22
* posterior superior temporal gyrus = comprehension of the spoken language = coordinates understanding of spoken language |
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Identify the primary lobes of the brainstem
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frontal= teal
parietal= green occipital= yellow temporal= purple limbic= red insula= interior to grey |
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Obj.
Describe the anatomical boundaries of the frontal lobe |
separated from parietal lobe by central sulcus & temporal by lateral fissure
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Primary motor cortex.
Supplemental motor areas Frontal eye fields Prefrontal cortex functional components of what lobe? |
frontal lobe (teal)
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Identify the primary gyri on frontal lobe
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green= precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex
orange= superior frontal gyri pink= middle frontal gyri blue= inferior frontal gyri |
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How is the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe somatotropically organized?
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trunk, head, hand, & tongue = lateral & inferior
-tongue near lateral fissure -legs in anterior paracentral gyrus |
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3 primary parts of inferior frontal gyrus (frontal lobe)
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1. pars opercularis (blue)
2. pars trangularis (red) 3. pars orbitalis (green) |
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The prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe is associated w/ what Brodmann areas?
What functions does it participate in? |
Areas 9, 10, 11, & 12
judgement, foresight, a sense of purpose, responsibility, & socialy propriety |
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The gyri of the frontal lobe are separated by what?
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precentral sulcus (blue),
superior frontal sulcus (red), & inferior frontal sulcus (brown) |
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On the medial surface,
the precentral gyrus continues as ______________ & the superior frontal gyrus continues as _____________ |
anterior paracentral gyrus
cingulate sulcus |
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The _____________ contains both the primary motor (anterior) & primary sensory (posterior) functional areas in the frontal lobe.
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paracentral lobule
(medial extension of pre & post-central gyri) |
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Identify the ventral structures of the frontal lobe
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yellow= orbitofrontal gyri (extension of prefrontal area)
red= olfactory sulcus (contains olfactory bulb & tract) (medial boundary of orbitofrontal gyri) green= gyrus rectus (superior frontal gyrus extension) |
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Primary somatosensory cortex & sensory association areas are w/i what lobe?
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parietal lobe
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Obj.
Describe the anatomical boundaries of the parietal lobe |
laterally posterior to frontal via central sulcus (red)
above temporal lobe (blue) above lateral fissure (sulcus) (green) anterior to occipital lobe via parieto-occipital sulcus (pink) |
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Identify the pink structure of the parietal lobe anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus (blue) & posterior to paracentral lobule (red)
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precuneus
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Major functional components of the parietal lobe
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pink= primary somatosensory cortex
red= superior parietal lobule orange= supramarginal gyrus green= angular gyrus (supramarginal gyrus + angular gyrus = inferior parietal lobule) |
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The ________________ lies behind the central sulcus & postcentral sulcus
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postcentral gyrus (purple)
(central suclus- green, postcentral- red) |
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How is the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe somatotopically organized?
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sensory areas of genitals, foot, leg = medial
tongue= most lateral |
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Secondary somatosensory cortex areas from the parietal lobe project to the __________
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insula
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Identify structures of parietal lobe
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pink= superior parietal lobules
blue= inferior parietal lobules green= intraparietal sulcus |
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Identify & differentiate btwn the two parts of the inferior parietal lobule
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red= angular gyrus = area 39 = comprehension of written language
green= supramarginal gyrus= area 40= comprehension of spoken language (w/ Wernicke's) |
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What does the inferior parietal lobule modulate in the nondominant hemisphere?
What syndrome is a lesion in this area associated w/? |
attention to stimuli both on body & visual field= perceptual awareness
hemineglect syndrome= failure to recognize left side of body as self |
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Identify the primary gyri of the medial occipital lobe
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green= cuneus gyrus
orange= lingual gyrus *divided by calcarine sulcus** |
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The occipital lobe contains what 2 cortex?
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primary visual cortex (orange) & visual association cortex (blue)
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How is the retinal surface/visual field represented in the area of the primary visual cortex ?
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represented in a retinotopic fashion in area around calcarine sulcus
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Obj.
Identify the major component structures, e.g., gyri, sulci, etc., of the temporal lobe |
blue= superior temporal gyrus
red= superior temporal sulci yellow= middle temporal gyrus black= inferior temporal sulcus green= inferior temporal gyrus |
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Obj.
Locate and describe the major functional components of each of the temporal lobe |
primary auditory cortex
wernicke's area |
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Identify the ventral structures of the temporal lobe
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green= lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus)
blue= occipitaltemporal sulcus red= medial occipitotemporal gyrus ^involved in recognition of objects & faces** |
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The _____________ is the primary processor of memory & is also involved in emotional behavior, homeostatic responses, motivation, & sexual behavior
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limbic lobe
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Obj.
Describe the anatomical boundaries of the limbic lobe |
red= cingulate sulcus = anterior / dorsal boundary
yellow= callosal sulcus= separates from corpus callosum |
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Identify gyrus & sulci of the ventral limbic lobe
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green = parahippocampal gyrus
purple= collateral suclus orange= primary olfactory cortex/ entorhinal piriform cortex (part of parahippocampal) |
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Connections btwn the hippocampal formation, parahippocampal gyrus, & cingulate gyrus are necessary for what?
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incorporation of short term to long term memory
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Obj.
Describe the general functions associated with each of the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. |
frontal- motor & cognition
parietal- sensory & multimodal associative fxn temporal- integrative sensory, some memory, auditory, & olfactory functions occipital- visual function limbic- primary processor of memory insula- memory of tactile stimuli |
