S2 - Astr 1010 - Set 4

Front 1

interiors of jovian planets

Back 1

-H & He
-no solid surface
-interior layers defined by phase
-temp / pressure / density increase w. depth
-jupiter's core 5x denser than earth

Front 2

jupiter & saturn's H

Back 2

H exists in liquid and metallic form bc of high pressure

Front 3

uranus and neptune rich in

Back 3

H - compounds
(ice giants)

-accreted slowly
-less time to capture gas before clearing of solar nebula

Front 4

jovian cores

Back 4

rock, metal, h-compounds

10x mass of earth

Front 5

jovians w. large internal heat sources:

Back 5

Jupiter (still contracting)
Saturn (helium rain)
Neptune

---EMIT AS MUCH hEAT as they receive from the sun

Front 6

Jupiter's atmosphere comp.

Back 6

75% H
24% He
1% H-compounds

Front 7

Galileo (probe) measured Jupiter's atmospheric structure:

Back 7

thermosphere (absorb solar x-rays)

stratosphere (absorb solar UV)

troposphere (GHG's trap heat from sun and jupiter)

*same layer types as earth's atmosphere*

Front 8

jupiter's weather due to?

Back 8

convection in troposphere

Front 9

Jupiter's clouds?

Back 9

ammonia, ammonia hydrosulfide, & water

all condense at diff temps so the clouds form at diff altitudes

Front 10

jupiter's rotation

Back 10

RAPID (10hrs)

many circulating cells in atmosphere

Front 11

jupiter's "zones"

Back 11

warm air rises

ammonia cools / condenses
--> bright clouds
-snow NH3

Front 12

jupiter's "belts"

Back 12

deep, warm, darker levels in atmosphere

Front 13

jupiter:
visible light v IR light

Back 13

higher, bright clouds (of zones) are cold ---= dark in IR light

-deeper, darker belts are warm (emit IR heat) - brighter in IR

Front 14

moons of saturn

Back 14

-bright
-icy
-NH3

-TITAN - large, thick atmosphere

-lapetus - one icy side, one black side

Front 15

titan (of saturn)

Back 15

thick n2, CH4 atmosphere
-ethane rain
-some organic solids rain out

Front 16

moons of uranus

Back 16

dark / icy

dirty w carbon

Front 17

triton (of neptune)

Back 17

the BACKWARDS moon

N2 geysers

Front 18

jupiter's moons and geologic activity

Back 18

geologic activity increases with degree of tidal heating

Io= volcanos
europa=ocean under ice
ganymede
callisto= iceball

Front 19

jupiter's small moons

Back 19

prob captured planetesimals
-eccentric, inclined orbits
-some orbit backwards
-most in orbit "families"

-the 4 that orbit close to jupiter prob formed in jupiters mini-nebula

Front 20

jovian rings

Back 20

-seperately orbiting particles
-all jovian's have rings
-all are w/i roche zone
-ring particles constantly lost (collision, drag from exospheres)

Front 21

roche zone

Back 21

1.5 - 3 radii from each planet's center

-tides rip apart moonlets
-prevent moons from reforming

Front 22

how are rings replenished?

Back 22

small moons supply dust to the rings

Front 23

ring particles are in orbital resonance

Back 23

(clumps and gaps created by small moons)

Front 24

shepherd moons

Back 24

confine ring particles between them

making narrow rings


(aka the tiny moons w/i a planet's ring system)

Front 25

Galilean Moons

Back 25

Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto

Front 26

Io

Back 26

rocky

most volcanically active world

colorful
--red & yellow sulfur
--dark volcanic flows
--SO2 frost

NO impact craters
-active / youthful surface
-very warm interior

-tectonics & erosion
-tidal heating

Front 27

Europa

Back 27

ice + rock

subsurface ocean

-few impact craters - young surface
-surface squeezed, pulled, cracked by tides
(cold brittle ice seperates, hot buoyant ice rises)

Front 28

Ganymede

Back 28

icy

past faulting --- surface no longer geologically active

bright regions = younger (fewer craters)
dark regions = older

Front 29

Callisto

Back 29

icy

heavily cratered

geologically dead (no tectonics or volcanism)

smooth dark stuff formed by sublimation / erosion (sublimation of co2 ice leaves dirt behind)

only partially differentiated

no internal magnetic field

probable salty ocean

Front 30

tidal heating of Io

Back 30

tidal heating keeps Io hot

-jupiter's gravity stretches Io making tidal bulges
-bulges grow when Io's closer shrink when further
---THIS FLEXING generates heat
--melts rock, powers volcanos

Front 31

synchronous rotation

Back 31

caused by tides

Front 32

galilean moons in orbital resonance

Back 32

inner 3 in orbital resonance
(one objects orbital peiod ratio of another orbital period)

-2 objects orbits periodically line up
- keeps their orbits eccentric
--- causes tidal heating

-callisto's not in resonance = no tidal heating

Front 33

europa's interior

Back 33

europa is differentiated (gravity data)

europa has salty ocean (magnetic data)

europa still geologically active (geologic data)

ice layer may be warm enough for ice to convect

Front 34

could europa support life?

Back 34

enough water

energy source = tidal heating

chemistry = CHNOPS (elements of life) are common

Front 35

ganymede's interior

Back 35

ganymede is differentiated (gravity data)

has its own magnetic field

internal salty ocean

Front 36

icy moons

Back 36

ice close to melting point so can flow easily

thin brittle lithospheres (more deformation than rocky worlds... thicker lithospheres in terrestrial planets -- rock can flow but must be deeper in interior)

Front 37

"NEAR" mission

Back 37

to an asteroid

Front 38

"meteor"

Back 38

trail of light caused by particle that enters earth's atmosphere

-most are pea sized and burn up in earth's atmosphere

Front 39

"meteorite"

Back 39

rock that survives its fall to earth

different elements and isotopes tell us they're not from earth

Front 40

types of meteorites?

Back 40

primitive meteorites

processed meteorites

Front 41

primitive meteorites

Back 41

solar system's oldest material

accreted from solar nebula

-stony (contains rocky minerals, some metals)

-carbon-rich (contains carbon compounds & h20)

Front 42

processed meteorites

Back 42

younger

-from differentiated asteroids

-metallic (from differentiated core)

-stony (mantle like or crust like (basalt volcanism)

Front 43

asteroid composition

Back 43

determined by reflectance spectroscopy

1.carbon rich
2.rocky
3.metal rich

Front 44

carbon rich asteroids

Back 44

dark

in outer regions of main belt

similer to carbon rich primitive meteorites

Front 45

rocky asteroids

Back 45

brighter

inner regions of main belt

similar to stony meteorites

Front 46

metal-rich asteroids

Back 46

rich in iron

rare

similar to metallic meteorites

Front 47

meteorites that don't come from asteroids...

Back 47

ejected from large impacts to moon or mars

--surface rocks ejected above escape velocity
--later fall to earth

(mars meteorite seems to have evidence for life)

Front 48

meteorites falling to earth

Back 48

30-60% meteorites mass lost to ablation in earth's atmosphere

-biggest = 60 tons (size of small car)

-don't contain elements that aren't already present in terrestrial rocks ... but can form different types of compounds

Front 49

some asteroids underwent differentiation

Back 49

largest had volcanism

Front 50

asteroid - meteorite connection

Back 50

primitive meteorites from unprocesssed asteroids

metallic meteorites from processed cores of disrupted asteroids

rocky meteorites from processed mantle or crust of disrupted large asteroids

Front 51

history of an iron meteorite

Back 51

iron formed in supernova explosions

some iron incorperated into our solar nebula

rock and metal condensed as nebula cooled

particles accreted

differentiation seperated rock and metal

collisions shattered the world

orbital resonances nudged fragments into collision course w earth

iron meteorite falls to earth

Front 52

parts of a comet

Back 52

nucleus

coma

tail

Front 53

comet's nucleus

Back 53

icy object (dirty snowball)

Front 54

comet's coma

Back 54

its 'atmosphere' of gas / dust

Front 55

comet's tail

Back 55

gas and dust blown away from coma (its atmosphere)

Front 56

comet near sun
v
away from sun

Back 56

far from sun = cold icy nucleus

near sun = warms up
-forms coma and tails

Front 57

comet tail parts?

Back 57

plasma tail

dust tail

debris

Front 58

comet's plasma tail

Back 58

ionized gas blown away from sun by solar wind

Front 59

comet's dust tail

Back 59

small particles pushed by small pressure of sunlight

Front 60

comet debris

Back 60

larger particles along orbit path

(AKA METEOR SHOWERS)

Front 61

birth of comet

Back 61

kuiper belt:
-short period comets
-forward orbits

oort cloud:
-long period comets
-random orbits (forward or backward)

Front 62

fates of comets

Back 62

-loses ice & disintigrates or becomes inactive

-ejected from solar system by jupiter

-crash into sun or planetary body

Front 63

brownlee particles

Back 63

captured by aircraft in stratosphere

caught on gel

porous, loosely bound particles

*comet remains!!* (lost ice, rocky bits left behind)

-drift to earth, not recognized on ground

Front 64

"stardust" mission

Back 64

has collected dust directly from a comet

Front 65

meteor showers

Back 65

thousands of "shooting stars" in a night

-when earth passes thru debris of a comet

-bright streaks caused when dust burns up in our atmosphere

-biggest showers:
---perseids
---leonids

Front 66

pluto

Back 66

moon = Charon

comp = ice and some rock

very elliptical orbit

never visited by spacecraft

"dwarf planet"

Front 67

pluto planet like characteristics

Back 67

larger than most comets

Front 68

pluto comet like characteristics

Back 68

mostly made of ice

-has short tail when closer to sun

-very elliptical orbit

-not in ecliptic plane

Front 69

Quaoar, Xena, & Eris

Back 69

kuiper belt objects

-eris bigger than pluto!

-many KBO's are similar in comp to pluto
-pluto is probably just a large KBO

Front 70

meteorite bump v boom

Back 70

bump:
-small meteorites slow 100s m/s

boom:
-massive meteorites don't fully decelerate & retain their velocity
--make craters and can change global climate

Front 71

different impacter sizes:

Back 71

1-10mm = meteor

1m = fireball / meteorite

40-60m = tunguska airburst / meteor crater

1 km = regional devastation (deep impact)

10 km = mass extinction (K-T event)

Front 72

K-T boundary layer

Back 72

rich in:
-iridium
-shocked minerals
-soot

Front 73

continental crust

Back 73

lower density rock
---- Granite

older (up to 4 by)

Front 74

oceanic crust

Back 74

higher density rock
---- Basalt

younger (up to 200 My)

-created by volcanism at mid-ocean ridges

-subducts under continental crust during collisions

-melts / erupts to form continental crust's volcanos

Front 75

why does earth have plate tectonics?

Back 75

convection in mantle drives plate motions

lithosphere is thin

water lubricates plates (allows motion and melting)

Front 76

good friday earthquake

Back 76

largest to hit N america

9.2 on richter scale

tsunami formed

only 131 died due to low pop

Front 77

most volcanos?

Back 77

subduction zones

Front 78

most earthquakes?

Back 78

result of plate movements

Front 79

most erosion?

Back 79

regions of mtn building

Front 80

the word "volcano"

Back 80

romans thought happened from vulcan (god of fire)

Front 81

most active volcanos in US

Back 81

alaska

Front 82

shield volcano

Back 82

shallow sloped

often caldera on top

LOW viscocity lava

Front 83

strata & composite volcanos

Back 83

steep sides

more viscous lava

lots of explosive products (ash / rock)

-don't erupt often but more damaging when they do

Front 84

cinder cone volcanos

Back 84

rel. steep sides

"frothy" lava (called cinder

built up by explosive eruptions

Front 85

lava dome volcanos

Back 85

viscous lava builds rel. steep sides

can be very explosive

Front 86

what comes out of volcanos?

Back 86

gases

bombs

blocks

lapilli

ash

lava

obsidian

pumice

Front 87

flood basalt lava

Back 87

massive amts released at fissures (cracks)

Front 88

pahoehoe lava

Back 88

ropey

Front 89

A'a lava

Back 89

rocky appearance

Front 90

what can kill u?

Back 90

gasses (nuee ardente)
tsunami
eartquake
falling rock
ash flows
mud flows
poisones gasses

Front 91

the krakatoa tsunami

Back 91

volcanic island exploded in S. pacific

-explosion heard >2000 miles away

-ash reached NY

-energy of 10 atomic bombs

-120 feet tall
-killed 36,000 people

Front 92

mt saint helens eruption

Back 92

largest recent eruption in US

had been dormant for >100yrs

seismic activity and rising bulge were indicators

57 deaths(mostly from debris/mud flows)

renewed activity recently

Front 93

volcano's effect on climate

Back 93

gas and dust added instantly
-increase albedo
--not just local effect

-GHG's emmited

-sulfur compounds emmitted causing acid rain

long term volcanic outgassing

Front 94

volcano's good?

Back 94

formed earth's crust and atmosphere

cools earth's interios

makes islands

adds to continents

fertile soil

building materials

geothermal energy

origin of life?

Front 95

rate of erosion on earth?

Back 95

-thick atmosphere
-distance from sun
-active tectonics
-quick rotation

MEAN LOTS OF EROSION

-water erosion
-glacier erosion
-wind erosion

Front 96

earth atmospheric comp

Back 96

78% N2

21% O2

1% other

Front 97

earth retained enough h2o for oceans...

Back 97

earth's cool enough to avoid the runaway greenhouse

Front 98

earth's little co2 in atmospher?

Back 98

earth's co2 dissolved into oceans forming carbonate rock

Front 99

earth has so much more o2

Back 99

photosynthesis from life creates o2 from co2

Front 100

earth's UV absorbing stratosphere?

Back 100

ozone (o3) is created from o2, which comes from life

(O2 + UV = O3)

O3, which was created by life, makes surface safe for life

Front 101

ozone depletion

Back 101

-ozone hole over antarctica
-appears in spring

CFC's cause of ozone hole
-UV breaks down CFC's
--creates chlorine gas
---destroys o3
(reaction is faster in lower temps- antarctica)

-mars has no ozone
--no organics there

-if UV increased
--increased cancer and genetic mutations

Front 102

slowed ozone depletion

Back 102

CFC's in US phased out

treated adopted

(if no action was taken depletion would be @ 20%)

Front 103

co2 cycle

and regulation?

Back 103

co2 dissolves in oceans and forms carbonate rocks

plate tectonics releases co2 back into atmosphere

oceans + tectonics regulate amt of co2 in atmosphere

REGULATION:
-too cold
(less co2 dissolves in cold ocean water -- more builds in atmosphere -- more GH warming)
-too hot
(more co2 dissolves in warm ocean water -- less build up in atmosphere -- less GH warming)
*takes 400,000yrs to restore balance)

Front 104

"snowball earth"

Back 104

extreme cooling - ice ages

feedback: more snow = more albedo

Front 105

"hot house earth"

Back 105

triggered by 'snowball earth'

-oceans frozen over = increased co2 in atmosphere (bc volcanism continues)
=strong GH warming

Front 106

earth's surface temp over past 50yrs

Back 106

avg surface temp risen .5*C

begins at start of industrial rev.

Front 107

long term consequences of global warming

Back 107

increased evaporation from oceans = more intense storms

raise sea level
flood coasts
change ocean currents

effects on ecosystems

Front 108

life on earth

Back 108

appeared 3.5 bya

organic molecules form easily

life could have come from meteorites from mars

life first lived in hot springs or near mid ocean ridges
-used chemical reactions for energy (not sunlight)

-rise of oxygen in earth's atmosphere
--o2 reacted chemically w rocks
--o2 started accumulating in atmosphere ~2bya
--land became safe for life when ozone developed
--cambrien explosion of life ~500Mya