Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- define FR - FRs damage cells by damaging what 2 cellular components? |
- single unpaired electron in outer orbit
- Cell membrane - Nucleic acids |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- FRs destroy cell membranes how? - FRs destroy nucleic acid how? |
- via Lipid Peroxidation
- via Degradation |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- FRs make other molecules FRs too by doing what? |
- stealing their electrons
(newly made FRs steal electrons from another molecule, and continuous chain reaction) |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- Ionizing radiation causes the production of what FRs? - Damaged mitochondria produces what FRs? |
- Hydroxyl FRs
- Superoxide FRs |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what can produce both Hydroxyl and Superoxide FRs? - what else is produced? |
- High concentrations of O2
- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) (H2O2 can produce more FRs of both kinds) |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what type of reactions produce Superoxide FRs? - provide examples of specific enzymes |
Oxidase reactions
- NADPH Oxidase & Myeloperoxidase (in neutropils & monocytes) - Xanthine Oxidase |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what drug can form FRs? - what organs does this damage? |
- APAP
- Liver & Kidneys |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what chemical can form FRs? |
- Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)
|
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what metals form Hydroxyl FRs? - via what reaction? |
via Fenton Reaction:
- Iron (association with hemachromatosis) - Copper (association with Wilson's dz) |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- smoking cigarettes form what FRs? |
- Nitric Oxide gas
|
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- which is the most destructive FR? |
- Hydroxyl FR
|
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what enzymes are involved in FR neutralization? - which one is found inside peroxisomes? |
- SOD
- Glutathione Peroxidase - Catalase (found in peroxisomes) |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- SOD does what? |
Converts Superoxide FRs
to Peroxide & O2 (Peroxide is later converted to water and O2 by catalase in peroxisome) |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- Glutathione Peroxidase neutralizes what FRs? |
Hydroxyl FRs
APAP FRs Hydrogen Peroxide |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- Catalase does what? |
Converts Peroxide
to H2O & O2 |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- which neutralizing enzyme is found in the Pentose Phosphate pathway? |
- Glutathione Peroxidase
|
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- which vitamins are known to neutralize FRs? |
- Vitamin C (water soluble)
- Vitamin E (fat soluble) |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- which FR neutralizer preserves the membrane by preventing lipid peroxidation? - this FR neutralizer also neutralizes what oxidized lipid? |
- Vitamin E
- oxidized LDL |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- Vitamin C neutralizes FRs produced by? |
- Pollutants
- Cigarette smoke |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- Smokers have decreased levels of what FR neutralizer? - why? |
- Vitamin C
- Vit. C used up in neutralizing FRs produced by cigarettes |
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what is the best neutralizer of FRs? |
- Vitamin C
|
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- what metal is known for being an antioxidant in the cytosol? |
- Selenium
|
|
|
FREE RADICALS (FR)
- in the treatment of RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), O2 > 50% can lead to what clinical complication? |
- Retinopathy (blindness)
|
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- what is the Anti-apoptotic gene? - what does this do? |
- BCL2
- prevents cytochrome c from leaving inner mito membrane |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- mitochondria can be injured by excessive ingestion of? - what organelle do these compounds produce? |
- Alcohol
- ASA (Reye's syndrome) - Megamitochondria |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- describe megamitochondria |
- Massive mito
- Destruction of Cristae |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- once cytochrome c is released from the inner mito membrane, cytochrome C will activate what, such that apoptosis occurs? |
- Caspases in the cytosol
|
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- SER can become damaged by P450 inducing enzymes such as? - induction of these p450 enzymes may lead to what conditions? - what would the SER look like in this case? |
- Phenobarbital
- Alcohol - Phenytoin - increased drug detox leads to lower therapeutic levels of other drugs - SER Hyperplasia |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- what are common drugs that cause inhibition of p450 enzymes? |
- Histamine blockers (cimetidine)
- Macrolides (erythromycin) - PPI (omeprazole) |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Primary lysosomes are derived from where? |
- Golgi apparatus
|
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- what post-translational modification occurs to target hydrolytic enzymes into lysosome vesicles? |
- phosphorylation of mannose residues
(producing Mannose 6 Phosphate) |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- defect in post-translation modification of lysosomal enzymes leads to what dz? |
I-cell disease
(hydrolytic enzymes can NOT be phosphorylated due to deficiency of phosphotranserase) (undigested substrates accumulate as large inclusions in the cytoplasm) |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- lysosomal storage diseases have decreased what? |
- lysosomal enzymes
|
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Pompe's disease has a deficiency of? - Pompe's dz has an accumulation of what in lysosome? |
- alpha 1,4 glucosidase
- glycogen (in lysosomes) |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome has a defect in what processes? - inheritance pattern? |
DEFECT of:
- phagolysosomal formation - microtubule dysfunction - AR |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome has what pathology seen with microscopy? |
Neutrophil & Lymphocytes with Giant Granules
|
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Alcohol Liver Disease would show what pathology under microscope? |
- Hyperplasia of SER
- Megamitochondria (massive with no cristae seen) |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome patients have a predisposition to developing what type of infections? - why? |
- Staph aureus infections.
- Microtubule dysfunction impedes chemotaxis (directed migration) |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Ubiquitin is a stress protein that binds to? - Ubuiquinated proteins are marked for? (involving what organelles?) |
- damaged Intermediate Filaments (IFs)
- destruction by either Lysosomes or Proteosomes |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Defect in ubiquitination seen in Alcoholic Liver Dz causes the formation of what "bodies"? - what is inside these "bodies" - "bodies" located where? |
- Mallory bodies
- ubiquinated CYTOKERATIN IFs - Hepatocytes |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- Defect in ubiquitination seen in Parkinson's Dz forms what "bodies" - what is inside these "bodies" - "bodies" located where? |
- Lewy bodies
- ubiquinated NEUROFILAMENT IFs (eosinophilic inclusion bodies) - Substantia Nigra |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- drugs that cause a defect in Tubulin synthesis at the G2 phase? |
- Bleomycin B
- Etoposide |
|
|
ORGANELLE INJURY
- drugs that cause mitotic spindle defects in the M phase? |
- Paclitaxel
- Vinca alkaloids - Colchicine |
|
|
FATTY LIVER
- MCC? |
- Alcoholism
|
|
|
FATTY LIVER
- "fatty" due to cytoplasmic accumulation of? - which are packaged into? |
- Triglycerides
- VLDL fraction |
|
|
FATTY LIVER
- has increased synthesis of? - has decreased secretion of? |
- TG
- TG |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
- in the metabolism of alcohol to Acetaldehyde (then to Acetate, then to Acetyl CoA), what byproduct is made contributing to a fatty liver? - what does this byproduct drive? |
- NADH (x2)
- conversion of DHAP to G3P |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
- what is the substrate for Triglyceride synthesis? - this substrate is synthesized due to the accumulation of what driving molecule? |
- Glycerol 3 Phosphate
- NADH (DHAP --> G3P: uses up NADH) |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
- where do the 3 fatty acids for each G3P come from? - Fatty acids are also preserved by what process? |
- alcohol metabolism
(end product is acetyl CoA, which is the beginning substrate for fatty acid synthesis) - decreased Beta-Oxidation of FA |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
- besides alcohol, what else causes a decrease in Beta-Oxidation of FA's? |
- Diphtheria Toxin
(diphtheria exotoxin prevents beta oxidation) |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
- what is the function of Apo-B100 ? |
- packages TG into VLDL
- aids in secretion of VLDL |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
- Increased Glycerol 3 Phosphate seen in what condition? - Decreased Apo-B100 seen in what condition? |
- Alcoholism
- Kwashiorkor - Kwashiorkor |
|
|
ALCOHOL FATTY LIVER
In terms of lipids & transport proteins: - Kwashiorkor patient fatty liver due to? - Alcohol patient fatty liver due to? |
- Excess lipids WITHOUT Apo-B100
- Excess lipids WITH Apo-B100 |
