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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subarachnoid haemorrhage
or rapid onset of a seizure - is what type of headache? |
Explosive severe headache
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Pre seizure warning symptoms are?
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Sudden onset
Precipitating event (e.g. exercise) Aura |
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The aura that precedes a seizure may be ?
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Localized
(auditory hallucinations, unusual smell or taste, loss of speech or motor changes) or non-localising (a feeling of apprehension) |
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An aura followed by sudden unconsciousness is suggestive diagnosis of?
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A major seizure or complex partial seizure.
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Sudden onset of weakness on one side of the body followed by resolution and a severe headache is characteristic of ?
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Hemiplegic migraine.
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Sudden resolution of seizure without headache, suggests?
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Transient ischaemic episode.
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The very gradual onset of muscle weakness suggests a muscle abnormality such as?
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Myopathy
rather than a vascular event. |
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A sub-acute onset (hours to days) headache, occurs with ?
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Inflammatory disorders
e.g. meningitis cerebral abscess Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy). |
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A chronic symptom course of headache suggests that the underlying disorder may be related to either?
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Tumour -weeks to months
Degenerative process - months to years & Metabolic or toxic disorders may present |
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Unilateral throbbing headache
preceded by flashing lights or zig-zag lines associated with nausea/vomiting and sensitivity to light (photophobia) is likely to be a? |
Migraine with an aura (“classical migraine”).
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Sharp stabbing pain
- over one eye lasting for minutes to hours - associated with lacrimation, - rhinorrhoea and flushing of the forehead - occurring in bouts that last several weeks a few times a year, is suggestive of |
cluster headache - predominantly in males
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Headache over the occiput - associated with neck stiffness/pain, may be from?
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Cervical spondylosis
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A generalised headache - worse in the morning
- associated with drowsiness or nausea/vomiting may reflect? |
Raised intracranial pressure
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A generalised headache
associated with photophobia and fever stiff neck of more gradual onset, may be due to ? |
meningitis.
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A persistent unilateral headache
over the temporal area tenderness over the temporal artery blurring of vision, suggests? |
temporal arteritis
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Headache with pain or fullness
behind the eyes or over the cheeks or forehead occurs in acute? |
sinusitis
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Dramatic instantaneous onset of severe headache
initially localised but becomes generalized neck stiffness, may be due to a |
subarachnoid haemorrhage.
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most frequent type of headache is ?
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episodic
or chronic tension-type headache |
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Transient generalised throbbing headaches in relation to physical exertion
lasting seconds to minutes; the cause is? |
unknown.
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Eclampsia ?
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Triad + Seizures
Elevated blood pressure Proteinuria Oedema seizures |
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Common signs of an Intracranial Haemorrhage
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Apnoea
Seizures Poor feeding lethargy or ; abnormal neurologic examination hypotonia poor infantile reflexes such as palmar grasp, Moro, placing and stepping reflexes. |
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Petit and grand mal seizures are common in ?
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older children
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incidence of abnormal EEG in grand mal seizures is
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75 to 90%.
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Peiti & grand mal seizure symptoms;
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extreme hyperactivity
psychoses unpleasant ‘mousy’ body odour caused by phenyl acetic acid in urine and sweat. |
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a?
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slow measles virus infection of the brain
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The virus; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis becomes apparent after?
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many years in 1:100,000 infected children.
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The virus; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis symptoms:
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Intellectual deterioration (seen in schools),
mood changes (outbursts, depression), hallucinations, seizures, involuntary movements, rigidity and death within 1-3 years. |
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Cluster headache symptoms?
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Stabbing pain over one eye
Lacrimation Rhinorrhoea Flushing of forehead Mostly males |
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Cervical spondylosis symptoms?
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Occiput headache
Neck stiffnes/pain |
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Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure
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General headache
< morning Drowsiness nausea/vomiting |
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Symptoms of meningitis?
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Generalised headache
Photopphobia Fever Stiff neck |
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Unilateral headache over temporal area
Tenderness of temporal artery Blurred vision? |
Temporal arteritis
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Painful headache
Fullness behind eyes/cheeks/forehead? |
Acute sinusitis
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Instant severe headach
Localised -> general Stiff neck? |
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
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Frequent headache
episoide or chronice Bilateral frontal/occipital/temporal Tightness |
Tension type headache
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Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms?
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Persisting pain in face
over 55yo Like lightning Brief/severe/recurrent |
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Atypical facial pain symptoms?
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Continuous/ unremitting
left of maxillla Middle aged women |
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Post-herpetic neuralgia symptoms?
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Continuous
Burning pain Sensitive to light touch History of shingles in ophthalmic |
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Loss of consciousness is caused by?
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Drop in blood supply to brain
Drop of blood clusose Increased intracranial pressure Epilipsy - electrical abnormality Intoxication |
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Loss of consciousness is also called?
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Faints & fits
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Bi lateral sensorineural deafness is due to ?
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Environmental exposure to noise
Degeneration Toxicity - antibiotics, alcohol Infection - german measles, syphilis Meniere's |
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Conduction deafness is due to?
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Wax
Otitis media Otosclerosis |
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Paraesthesia is?
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Pins & Needles
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Decreased sensation is called?
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Hypoesthesia
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Absence of sensation is called?
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Anaesthesia
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Roseola infantum is a disease of what age?
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infants and very small children
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Roseola infantum is caused by?
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herpes virus 6.
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Roseola infantum symptoms?
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Suddenly with fever
convulsions (febrile seizures), child is characteristically alert and active. |
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Bacterial meningitis
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Sudden fever
convulsions (febrile seizures), child alert and active progress to changes in consciousness irritability, confusion, drowsiness or coma |
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Cerebral palsy syndromes?
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Mixed forms common
most often, spasticity and athetosis; less often, ataxia and athetosis. |
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Cerebral palsy associated disorders?
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Convulsive seizures occur 25%
most often in those with spasticity. Strabismus + visual defects may occur. |
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Infants & fits - Loss of consciousness demands?
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urgent assessment,
esp. with seizures. |
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Loss of consciousness may be due to:
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Drop In Blood Supply To The Brain Any Cause Of Reduced Cardiac Output)
Serious Reduction Of Blood Glucose Level (Hypoglycaemia); Hyperglycaemia Decompensated Diabetes Serious Increase In Intracranial Pressure Traumatic Or Non-Traumatic (E.G. Stroke, Subarachnoid Bleeding) Recurrent Abnormality Of Brain Electrical Activity (Epilepsy) Intoxication (alcohol or drugs that produce CNS depression such as opioids) |
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Cerebral infarction – ischaemic stroke ?
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Epileptic seizures
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How many tiypes of seizures exist?
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2 – Epileptic & febrile
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Epilepsy is?
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2 or more seizures
nonepileptic seizures, that may occur in the following situations: Alcohol/Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Massive Sleep Deprivation Excessive Use Of Stimulants Such As Cocaine And Amphetamines (Speed, Ecstasy) Acute Head Trauma CNS Infection Or Tumour Cerebrovascular Accident Chronic Renal Or Liver Failure High Fever (Mainly Children) Hyper And Hypoglycaemia Hyponatraemia, Hypoclacaemia Eclampsia (Complication Of Pregnancy) Excessive Use Of Stimulants Such As Cocaine And Amphetamines (Speed, Ecstasy) Acute Head Trauma CNS Infection Or Tumour Cerebrovascular Accident Chronic Renal Or Liver Failure High Fever (Mainly Children) Hyper And Hypoglycaemia Hyponatraemia, Hypoclacaemia Eclampsia (Complication Of Pregnancy) Excessive Use Of Stimulants Such As Cocaine And Amphetamines (Speed, Ecstasy) Acute Head Trauma CNS Infection Or Tumour Cerebrovascular Accident Chronic Renal Or Liver Failure High Fever (Mainly Children) Hyper And Hypoglycaemia Hyponatraemia, Hypoclacaemia Eclampsia (Complication Of Pregnancy) |
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Febrile seizures
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4% of children between 3 months and 5 years,
brief generalised clinic-tonic seizure. |
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How low does a more severe form febrile seizures last?
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> 15 minutes or recur more than 2 times in one day.
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partial (focal) seizures
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one part of the brain,
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generalised seizures
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involves large areas of both hemispheres
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Enhanced excitatory amino acid transmission is associated with?
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Seizures
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A negative scotoma is?
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Blind spot
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Post natal eye care?
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2 drops of antibiotic solution in each eye
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Measles is caused by
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Para myxo virus
Small droplets from nose, throat, mouth |
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Sudden blindness in one eye
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retinal artery
vein occlusion, acute optic nerve damage Migraine transient blindness |
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Diplopia is an early sign of?
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ocular muscle weakness
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Amblyopia (blurred vision)
may be due to? |
damage or degeneration to
lens or corpus vitreum impaired when taking muscarinic antagonists CNS drugs |
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MS Visual disturbances are in the form of ?
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partial blindness,
dimness of vision, scotomas (blind spots), pain in one eye (retrobulbar optic neuritis) double vision (diplopia) |
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Myas thenia gravis symptoms?
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ptosis (sagging eyelid)
diplopia (double vision) loss or dysfunction of acetylcholine receptors |
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Subconjunctival haemorrhages is
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blood beneath the conjunctiva
absorbed spontaneously usually within 2 weeks No treatment is necessary |
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Vitreous haemorrhages
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blood into the corpus vitreum,
retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitreous detachment, retinal neovascularization, retinal tears, ocular trauma. |
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Retinal haemorrhages
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flame-shaped in the superficial nerve fibre layer,
hypertension or venous occlusion, round (dot and blot) in the deeper layers, as in diabetes mellitus. |
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Floaters may indicate?
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a tear in the retina.
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Photophobia- keratitis is?
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inflammation of the cornea,
uveitis, acute glaucoma, traumatic corneal epithelial abrasions and erosions. |
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A positive scotoma is perceived as ?
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a light spot or scintillating flashes,
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A positive scotoma is perceived as ?
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a light spot or scintillating flashes,
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A positive scotoma occurs in ?
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migraine syndrome
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Ametriopia hyperopia is?
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farsightedness
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A positive scotoma occurs in ?
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migraine syndrome
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Ametriopia myopia is ?
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nearsightedness
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Ametriopia hyperopia is?
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farsightedness
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Ametriopia myopia is ?
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nearsightedness
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FLORID
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gaudy, extremely ornate; ruddy, flushed
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Anisometropia is the difference between?
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the refractive errors of the two eyes
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Presbyopia is?
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unable to focus well for near vision
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Congenital dacryostenosis
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ages 3 and 12 weeks
epiphora of one eye or, rarely, of both tearing |
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Acquired dacryostenosis of the eye
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inflammatory
obstruction of the duct due to chronic lacrimal sac infection severe or chronic conjunctivitis. |
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Dacryocystitis is infection of the
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lacrimal sac
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Lid Oedema
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Allergy of pollen
topical drugs cosmetics metals (nickel) worms |
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Blepharitis is
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inflammation of the lid margins with redness
thickening scales and crusts or shallow marginal ulcers. |
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Ulcerative blepharitis is ?
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acute bacterial infection of the eye
usually staphylococcal |
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Hordeolum is ?
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Acute localised pyogenic infection of eyelash follicle
(usually staphylococcal) |
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Chalazion of the eye is ?
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enlargement of a Meibomian gland from occlusion of its duct
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chalazion looks like a stye at the start with symptoms?
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lid oedema, swelling, and irritation.
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Acute conjunctivitis
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Acute “Red Eye”
Pain burning but not severe |
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Acute iritis
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Acute “Red Eye”
Moderate pain Photophobia |
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Acute Glaucoma
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Acute “Red Eye”
V Severe pain + nausea + vomiting |
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Episcleritis cleritis
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Episcleritis (irritation) S
cleritis (severe pain) |
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Acute conjunctivitis
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Acute “Red Eye”
Normal vision |
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Acute iritis
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Acute “Red Eye”
Moderately decreased vision |
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Acute glaucoma
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Acute “Red Eye”
Considerably decreased vision |
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Pinguecula
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raised yellowish white mass on the bulbar conjunctiva,
does not tend to grow onto the cornea need not be removed. |
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Viral conjunctivitis –
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inflammation
virus.conjunctival hyperaemia, watery discharge, ocular irritation, eyelids that are stuck together on awakening. bilateral Symptoms - begin in one eye. |
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Bacterial conjunctivitis –
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gonorrhoeal contact
Gram stain to identify bacteria. antibiotics |
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Trachoma, also called ?
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granular conjunctivitis
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Trachoma
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chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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Scleritis of the eye symptoms?
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Pain - deep, boring ache
Pain interferes with sleep and appetite. tenderness, photophobia, lacrimation, localised or generalised conjunctival hyperaemia. |
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Corneal ulcer is?
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necrosis of corneal tissue due to invasion by bacteria, viruses or fungi.
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Bacterial corneal ulcers are most commonly caused by ?
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Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Bacerial corneal infection often follow sleeping in ?
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contact lenses,
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Corneal ulcers also occur as complications of ?
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herpes simplex keratitis,
chronic blepharitis, conjunctivitis (especially bacterial, e.g., gonorrhoea) and trachoma. |
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Air conduction
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through earphones or loudspeaker to the ear.
Loss or elevation can be caused by a defect in any part of the hearing apparatus – ear canal, middle ear, inner, ear, 8th nerve or central auditory pathway. |
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Bone conduction
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Sound source in contact with head
vibrates through skull, walls of bony cochlea, stimulates the inner ear directly. Bipasses the external and middle ear tests integrity of inner ear, 8th nerve & central auditory pathways. |
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Webers test
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tuning fork in midline of head
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Rinne’es test
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stem of tuning fork in contact with the mastoid process
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Audiometry
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using earphones @ diff dB frequencies
Speech audiometry – |
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Panic attacks.
Symptoms |
palpitations
chest pain choking churning stomach dizziness feelings unreality fear of disaster, |
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Antipsychotics are used for
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schizophrenia
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schizophrenia symptoms
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Delusions
Diff thought forms Halllucinations (auditory) Erratic/bizarre behaviour Apathy/withdrawal Unkempt/poorly groomed Inappropriate responses Increased tempo of speech Loss of contact with reality |
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Bipolar symptoms?
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Mania or depression
Normal between |
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Mania symptoms?
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Mood changed to elation
Grandiosity Behaviour disturbance Increased energy |
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Depression
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Loss of pleasure
Sleep & appetite disturbance sadness, guilt suicidal |
