S. America Final Brazil

Front 1

Brazil's grandiosity and uniqueness

Back 1

The vision that Brazil is destined for greatness

Front 2

Affirmative Action

Back 2

• New constitution uses "racial" terminology under the theology of protecting minority groups
• in the past "race" hadn't been used as a formal concept
• developed racial quotas for university and government public exams

Front 3

Brazilian multiracial classification
vs.
US rule of hypo-descent

Back 3

• Brazil does not view humans as naturally having a race
• US sees race as something that is acquired at birth
• Brazil's race is determined by slight phenotypical differences
• US's race is determined by the hypo-descent rule = automatically places children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group
• Brazil sees race as fluid and far more flexible -> room for one's racial classification to change
• US sees race as rigid

Front 4

Multiracial classification schemes

Back 4

in order to be included in the quotas of minority groups people would begin claiming membership of these racial groups through a sort of hypo-descent reasoning, whereas in the past they never identified as such

Front 5

Research methodologies used by Schwartzman in studies of race

Back 5

Interviews with students of the University of Rio de Janeiro

Front 6

Traditional lifestyles of the Yanomami

Back 6

• Slash and burn agriculture
• Foraging
• Egalitarian society
• Use of tools constructed from the land

Front 7

Yanomami lifestyle changes with the onslaught of miners

Back 7

• Adopted outsiders' culture and technology -> now use manufactured tools such as pots, pans, machetes, and fish hooks

Front 8

Different types of people represented in the film "Contact"

Back 8

• Yanomami
• Brazilian gold miners (garimpeiros)
• Shamans
• rubber farmers
• missionary nurses
• Indian gov't representatives
• politicians
• activists
• market vendors

Front 9

Effects of mining on Yanomami subsistence economy, health, and the environment

Back 9

• Air traffic scares away animals that the Yanomami hunt
• Mercury from mining pollutes the rivers
• Changed perceptions of gold's worth -> in the past never put any worth to it, now faced with people who will kill for it
• Miners have brought new diseases from the city with limited modern medicine

Front 10

How do miners see the Indians?

Back 10

• Believe that since they bring the Indians modern comforts that they are loved by them
• deny they affect the high rate of death

Front 11

How do Indians see the miners?

Back 11

Perceptions are split -> some see the goods the miners bring as positive, others such as the Shamans, believe the miners are creating a path to evil

Front 12

The 3 discourses of environmentalism

Back 12

• Government and the military
• Transnational and the local NGOs
• Social movements

Front 13

3 segments of the environmental sector

Back 13

• Deforestation
• Indigenous people
• Biodiversity

Front 14

The MST:

Back 14

Landless Rural Workers Movement
• exists since 1970s, gained momentum in 1980s
• Practice land occupation of both private and gov't owned land that is unproductive - being wasted
• Generate tax revenue, reduce unemployment, builds its own schools and health clinics
• Very popular w/ the public
• Small market cooperative model - everyone owns a bit of the businesses
• Justified because the constitution says that the federal gov't can take over land that is not being used productively

Front 15

MST's keys to success

Back 15

• Public face: legality and victimization
• Private face: emphasizes tight organization and solidarity

Front 16

Participatory budgeting

Back 16

• ordinary residents decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget
• Participatory budgeting allows citizens to identify, discuss, and prioritize public spending projects.

Front 17

Interprellation

Back 17

• How an ideology encourages us to recognize ourselves through a certain identity
• ideology / discourse hails the subject

Front 18

Regional gaucho identity in Rio Grande do Sul

Back 18

• Strong sense of nationalism
• The Brazilian cowboys
• Drinking mate, listening to gaucho music, attending Gaucho Traditional Centers

Front 19

2002 elections: Lula's campaign image

Back 19

• Lula's previous image of a radical PT candidate had cost him the election 2x in the past
• In 2002 he accentuated his humble roots and political militancy on behalf of the socioeconomically downtrodden, while highlighting his competence and readiness to be president
• focus on Lula's capacity to feel emotion and to have suffered

Front 20

2002 elections: Lula's Maria and Joana clip

Back 20

• Maria is wealthy
• Joana is poor
• When Maria's child gets sick she can afford health care, while Joana cannot
• Appeal to sympathy -> interpellation to both wealthy and poor groups

Front 21

Use of gaucho imagery by gubernatorial candidates

Back 21

• In Rio Grande do Sul's political campaigns, there is a long tradition of candidates who "embody gaucho rites, using expressions, gestures, and clothing in the attempt to compose a discourse closer to the symbolic universe of the voter."

Front 22

Vera's involvement in and attitudes towards political campaigns

Back 22

• campaigns are a huge deal for her
• supports Lula, who's ascendance into politics is inspirational to her
• had taken on a part-time job to promote a local PT candidate
• feels a strong sense of unity with those that she identifies with

Front 23

Bethe's involvement in and attitudes towards political campaigns

Back 23

• cynical self-positioning
• cynicism towards unfocused and unproductive political discourse

Front 24

Madalena's involvement in and attitudes towards political campaigns

Back 24

• uncomfortable with being publicly labeled as "political," yet is active in Participatory Budget meetings and enjoys politics
• is anti-PT -> associates it with radicalism and as unfeminine
• Against Lula and his party winning

Front 25

Cesar's involvement in and attitudes towards political campaigns

Back 25

• co-founded and active in the NGO Solidariedade (Solidarity)
• leftist political ideals that he vocalizes with ease
• is often described as educado, a word which carries the sense of politeness, social grace, and intelligence

Front 26

What sort of citizen does the Participatory Budget envision?

Back 26

The ordinary citizen

Front 27

How does gender enter into experiences of participation, as in the Thais/Cesar incident?

Back 27

• For Cesar, Thais violates the conservative view of how a female should act in public: yelling, accusing, threatening, strong sense of entitlement, etc.
• Cesar's "all-about-procedure" manner could be seen as passive since it allows Thais to pounce on him -> The OP is a distinctive place that a woman can yell at a man
• If the OP is seen as an equal playing field than Thais is seen as unruly
• if it seen as unequal, where woman are generally controlled by men, then she is expressing a democratizing display of passion

Front 28

What are the WSF's official concerns and critiques?

Back 28

• neoliberalism as seen as a negative force
• the planetary society - interest in uniting peoples who are far away from one either, separated by either "geographic distance or perceived social difference"

Front 29

Who cannot participate in the WSF?

Back 29

• those who are not people of "groups and movements of civil society"
• members of the gov't may attend, but on the side of civil society rather than on the side of the state (associated with multinational corporations and neoliberalism)
• partisan groups (even leftist ones)
• military groups

Front 30

How is the WSF made sense of by Cristal community leaders?

Back 30

• do not feel any connection
• see it as out of their league or as it taking the wrong path to progress
• dislike that NGOs are seen as equivalent to grassroots orgs
• dislike the discourse of the forum that talks about an alternative world, but prefer one that talks of improving the current world

Front 31

How does the traditional gender/sexuality matrix in Brazil work?

Back 31

• doesn't assume that people have sexual identities
• doesn't assume a correspondence between identity, behavior, and desire

Front 32

Distinction between activity and passivity in sexual relationships

Back 32

• Activeness associated with being the penetrator
• Passivity associated with being the penetrated
• a "real man" is supposed to be active
• opposite of a "real man" is a "bicha" or "viado" = "fag"

Front 33

HIV/AIDS prevention program

Back 33

• Brazil approached the World Health Organization for help
• WHO had them create a prevention campaign targeting homosexual men
- were exporting a campaign with international, not local, terminology
- many men will have homosexual intercourse without being considered "gay"

Front 34

Dominant conception of sexuality in the US

Back 34

Presumes a stable relationship between sexual identity, sexual behavior, and sexual desire

Front 35

Homophobic formation

Back 35

• process of having to consciously question if what one is saying has homophobic elements to it
• how the production and reception of texts is subject to being interpreted as "homophobic" or "anti-gay"

Front 36

Examples of homophobic formation

Back 36

• Lula making the homophobic sounding joke and having to defend himself
• Renato's story of the passive man followed by his insistence that he has no problem with homosexual acts or anyone's sexual preference

Front 37

What factors shape concerns that one might appear to be homophobic?

Back 37

• ambivalence as to how to speak about same-gender sexuality
• whether to concern oneself with the perception that one might be perceived as "homophobic"