Russian Rules - Chapter 3

Front 1

What is the 7-letter rule?

Back 1

Never write the letter "Ы" after the letters 'Г, К, Х, Ж, Ч, Ш, Щ'. Instead, use "И".

Front 2

What is the 5-letter rule?

Back 2

Never write an unstressed "O" after the letters 'Ж, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ц' instead use "E"

Front 3

What letters do you use У after rather than Ю, when spelling?

Back 3

Г, К, Х, Ж, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ц

Front 4

What letters do you use Я after rather than A, when spelling?

Back 4

Г, К, Х, Ж, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ц

Front 5

How do you form a language that you speak - ex: Translate "I speak Russian."

Back 5

по-, the root, and then -ски

ex: "Я говорю по-русски."

*exception: when the root ends in ц.

Ex: German по-немецки

Front 6

How do you refer to a language as an entity - ex: a language you are studying? "I am studying (the) Italian (language)."

Back 6

Root + ский.
ex: Я изучаю итальянский (Язык).

Front 7

What are the endings for 1st conjugation?
Include I, you, he/she, we, you(formal) or you all, they.

Back 7

Я [root]-у or Я [root]-ю
Ты [root]-ёшь or Ты [root]-ешь
Он / Она [root]-ёт or [root]-ет

Мы [root]-ём or [root]-ем

Вы/вы [root]-ёте or [root]-ете

Они [root]-ут or [root]-ют

Front 8

What are the endings for 2nd conjugation?Include I, you, he/she, we, you(formal) or you all, they.

Back 8

Я [root]-ю or Я [root]-у

Ты [root]-ишь

Он / Она [root]-ит

Мы [root]-им
Вы/вы [root]-ите
Они [root]-ят or [root]-ат

Front 9

If a 1st conjugation verb stem ends in a consonant, what are the endings for the Я and Они forms?

*hint: exception to the normal ending

Back 9

For Я form - у instead of ю
Ex: я живу,я пишу

For Они form - ут instead of ют

Ex: Онипишут,Они живут

Front 10

How do you conjugate verbs for the past tense?

Back 10

Remove -ть from the infinitive form, then add:

-л for masc. (ex: Маркус Знал. - Marcus knew.)

-ла for fem. (ex: Оливия читала - Olivia read)

-ли for plural (ex: Мы говорили - we spoke.)

for the speaker/object's biological ending

Front 11

What words (+ example) are stressed at the ending, rather than the stem, in the past tense?

Back 11

'Feminine strong'

ex. жил vs. жила - emphasis is on the bolded part of the word.

Front 12

How are past tense words stressed in masculine forms?

Back 12

The stem is stressed.

Ex: Знал, Читал, Говорил

Front 13

How are most adverbs positioned in sentences?

Back 13

Usually, adverb comes before verb - unless answering the question как? - in which case it comes after the verb.
Ex: Она плохо играет на гитаре. - adverb before the verb
Ex: Как вы говорите? - Я говорю плохо. - adverb after the verb.

Front 14

When do you use И rather than А or НО?

Back 14

When grouping two of the same things, without contrasting them.
Ex: Ваша и Маша живут в Москве.

Front 15

When do you use A rather than И or НО?

Back 15

- When comparing two subjects, more than one contrast
- In place of 'But rather,'
- To prompt for additional info (second question)

Front 16

When do you use НО rather than И or A?

Back 16

When contrasting two actions of the same subject - two aspects of one subject.

Ex: Собака лает, но не кусает. - Dogs bark, but (seldom) bite.

Front 17

How do you conjugate singular nouns for prepositional case?

Back 17

Masculine:
- add '-e'.
Feminine:
- replace '-a' with '-e'
- replace '-я' with '-е'*

*exception: replace '-ия' with 'ии'
- replace '-ь' with '-и'
Neuter:
- replace '-o' with '-e'
- leave '-e' as is

Front 18

How do you conjugate plural nouns for prepositional case?

Back 18

Hard stem:
- end with '-ax'

Soft Stem:
- end with '-ЯХ'

Front 19

How do you conjugate adjectives for the masculine prepositional case?

Back 19

Hard stem: add '-ом' (or stress)
Soft stem: add '-eм'

Front 20

How do you conjugate adjectives for the feminine prepositional case?

Back 20

Hard stem: add '-ой'
Soft stem: add 'ей'

Front 21

How do you conjugate adjectives for the plural prepositional case?

Back 21

Hard stem: add '-ых'
Soft stem: add '-их'

Front 22

How do you conjugate special modifiers for the masculine & neuter prepositional case?

Back 22

Singular: add '-ём'
ex: мой becomes моём
Plural: add '-eм'
ex: наш becomes нашем

Front 23

How do you conjugate special modifiers for the feminine prepositional case?

Back 23

All cases: add '-ей'
ex: мой becomes моей, ваш becomes вашей

Front 24

How do you conjugate special modifiers for the plural prepositional case?

Back 24

All cases: add '-их'
ex: твой becomes твоих, чьи becomes чьих

Front 25

How do you conjugate 'этот' for prepositional case? Include masculine/neuter, feminine, and plural.

Back 25

Masculine/Neuter: add '-ом' - этом
Feminine: add '-ой' - этой
Plural: add '-их' - этих

Front 26

How do you conjugate 'один' for prepositional case? Include masculine/neuter, feminine, and plural.

Back 26

Masculine/Neuter: add '-ом' - одном
Feminine: add '-ой' - одной
Plural: add '-их' - одних