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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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TROTSKY |
-organised the October rising -elected chairman of Petrograd soviet in September 1917 -October 9- Soviet set up MRC to organise defence of Petrograd -As the Bolsheviks controlled the MRC, they controlled the Petrograd -Trotsky used his influence to be one of the Troika who ran the MRC - had at his disposal the only effective military force in petrograd -legitimate force as it acted on authority of soviet -Trotsky was now in a position to plan the overthrow of the PG -when Lenin gave order for Uprising, Trotsky directed the Red Guard in their seizure of key vantage points in Petrograd |
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FEBRUARY REVOLUTION |
-Striking from Feb 23- 2 March, which resulted in the Tsar's abdication. - Hundreds of thousands of Proletariat and eventually Imperial guards and Cossak's pledge allegiance to revolution. -Nicholas Abdicates on March 2nd, and his brother Mikhail on March 3 -End of Ramanov dynasty |
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April Theses |
-Speech at Finland station on April 3, 1917 -Followed by publication of April Thesis -Blue print of revolution -All power to the soviets -Reiterated 'what is to be done?' -sole objective was revolution -telescope 2 stages, immediate overthrow of PG -Used soviets as power base, support after Kornilov -Used the MRC and Trotsky organised the overthrow |
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World War One - Nicholas, Alexandra and Rasputin |
1915- Nicholas becomes commander in chief -people blamed him personally for war losses -Alexandra left in charge, people hated her -heavily influenced by Rasputin, dismissed ministers on his advice -Progressive bloc: composed of more than half the duma deputies, being Kadets, Octobrists, nationalists and progressive industrialists -Merely trying to prevent a revolution during a time of war -Nicholas did not listen |
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Failure of First Duma |
April- June 1906 - Fundamental state laws were reasserted -Two chambers with the right of veto -no laws to be passed without the Tsar's approval -when demands were considered to be too extreme the duma was disbanded |
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The Vyborg Appeal |
July 1905 -Duma met in a mood of bitterness -reformist parties demanded that the rights and powers of the duma be increased -drew up an appeal in Vyborg, Finland -people refuse to pay taxes -disobey conscription orders -response of people was not passive but scattered incidences of violence |
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October 1917 |
-Lenin returns -strengthens resolve of Bolsheviks for immediate overthrow of the Provisional Government -Must be before the elections and the meeting of the Soviets -Kerensky orders preemptive attack on Bolsheviks -Trotsky organises the takeover -Trotsky becomes chairman of Petrograd Soviet Oct 9- MRC -Trotsky 1/3 in charge -now had at disposal the Red Guards & MRC Oct 23- Bolshevik newspapers Pravda and Izvestiga closed down by troops -round up of Bolshevik leaders |
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Russo-Japanese War |
-Entered into because the Tsar wanted people to forget about troubles at home May 1905- Russian Baltic fleet destroyed in less than 24hrs September Treaty of Portsmouth -Japan retained Port Arthur and rRussia surrendered other portions of land -Russian people felt betryaed |
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Bloody Sunday |
January 22, 1905 -200 Killed, 800 wounded -turned many against their 'little father' -hardened resolve for reform -'Nicholas the bloody' exacerbated by: -Russo-Japanese war -mutinies (Potemkin in June, Trans September) -seizures of land -unrest in cities and growth of soviets |
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Lenin |
1902- 'What is to be done?' 1905- Returned to Russia in December 1906-17- in exile in Siberia 1917- returned to Petrograd following February revolution, April thesis, led Bolsheviks in consolidating their hold -translated Marx's writings into Russian -worked to promote the idea of proletarian revolution |
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The Great Spurt |
-Saw Russia's industry grow rapidly Serge Witte: -Economic minister from 1892-1903, set out to modernise Russia's economy. |
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October Revolution |
-Bloody Sunday, unrest, incompetent government, land seizures, mutinies, and poor harvest leads to October manifesto -a duma -civil rights -soviets crushed -revolutionaries imprisoned and exiled |
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Stolypin's necktie |
-Repression then reform -de-revolutionise the peasants -cancelled mortgage repayments -permitted them to leave mir -improve farming techniques -land bank -voluntary resettlement to underpopulated areas |
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Provisional Government Policies |
-Full amnesty of political prisoners -Freedom of Press -Freedom to strike and assemble in unions -abolition of class -temporary pre constituent assembly -replace Tsarist police with elected militia -election of local councils -revolutionary military troops given roles as permanent defenders of Petrograd |
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July Days |
Attempt to bring down the Provisional Government -failure -Bolshevik leaders arrested, exiled, fled -looked as though it was the end of the Bolsheviks as a political party |
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Bolshevik View |
Revolution : Bourgeoisie and Proletariat stages could be telescoped into one The party: a tight knit exclusive group of professional revolutionaries Decision making: Authority to be exercised by the Central Committee of the party, 'democratic centralism' Strategy: No cooperation, economism dismissed as playing into the hands of Bourgeoisie, aim to turn workers into revolutionaries. |
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World War One - Military losses and Inflation |
Military losses -Major defeats at Tannenberg (Aug 3, 130,000 dead) and Masurian lakes (September 2, 1 whole unit) -poor leadership, conscripts -lack of supplies -hunger -lack of ammunition, 3 bullets per man per day -poor internal organisation Inflation -government spending increased from 4-10 million roubles 1916-1917 -more notes printed -between 1914-1916 earnings doubled but prices quadrupled |
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Soviet Order No. 1 |
Decree of the PG in regards to military affairs- were binding only if they were approved by the Petrograd Soviet |
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World War One - Food Supplies and Transport |
Food Famine due to army taking food first poor transport of food, subsistence farming riots (malone), hoarding (lynch) Transport -trains were unreliable due to failure of lack of fuel -railway systems eventually break down -lack of fuel leads to unemployment factories shut (malone) |
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Failure of Duma 2 |
February 2- June 1907 -Duma dissolved on Tsar's order -Change in franchise |
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Duma 4 |
November 1912-August 1914 -Dominated by Right wing parties -Cooperated with Tsar -reformed primary education, religion, industry -ended due to war |
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Problems of the Provisional Government |
-not elected -in a weak dual- alliance with the Petrograd Soviet -Soviet order no1 weakened them as it meant that the Petrograd Soviets had power -Not able to pull out of war (war credits) -did not distribute the land |
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Kornilov Revolt |
Provision Government -No legitimacy, no land distribution, no end to the war -weathered by the July Days attempted takeover by the Bolsheviks Kornilov: right wing commander in chief, staged military takeover -Kerensky frees Bolsheviks & arms them -red guard seen as the 'saviours' of the revolution -Bolsheviks learnt from July, planned for revolution before the elections, congress of soviets |
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Duma 3 |
November 1907- June 1912 -Less criticism of Nicholas/ more cooperative -Social reform -Duma's were a facade so Tsar could borrow money from overseas -Lasted full duration |
