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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common congenital heart defect of ruminants?
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Ventricular Septal Defects
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Most Ventricular Septal Defects have what type of shunting?
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L---->R
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Name some CS for Ventricular Septal Defect
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-VAry depending on the size of defect
-systolic murmur |
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Name some examples of Congenital Cardiovascular Abnormalities.
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-Ectopic cordis (heart in the neck; more common than in SA)
-PDA (very rare) -Tetralogy of Fallot -Transposed aortas -Valvular hematocysts (normal!!) -Patent foramen ovale (fairly young calves) |
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Which dz will cause CS similar to a cardiovascular dz in young animals?
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Lymphosarcoma
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What are some CS for Cardiac lymphosarcoma?
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-edema
-thick brisket |
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What is known as High Altitude Dz?
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-breathing low O2 at altitudess >5,000 feet
-get pulmonary hypertension |
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What is cor pulmonale and with what dz is it seen?
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Right sided heart failure det to pulmonary hypertension
-common ly seen in calves |
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Which plant seem to predispose to High Altitude Dz?
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White locoweed ( Oxytropis)
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How would you diagnose High Altitude Dz?
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-CS
-can confirm by measuring PA pressure (60-70 is a + test) -necropsy (RV hypertrophy) |
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What is the most common acquired cardiovascular dz?
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Endocarditis
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Endocarditis most commonly affects the ______ and ______ valves of ruminants.
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tircuspid and pulmonica valves
(Right side) |
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What is the most common agent of Endocarditis?
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A. pyogenes
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Classic endocarditis will show what CS?
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-intermittent fever
-persisten tachycardia -sometimes leukocytosis w/ mature neutrophilia |
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Name tx for endocarditis.
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-long-termi Ab in early lesions
-poor prognosis |
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What are the most common arrhythmias in cattle?
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APC and AF
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Can Anaplasmosis be transmitted cow to cow?
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No... can be transmitted by vectors.
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Which organ reacts to the parasitized RBC's by Anaplasmosis?
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Spleen!!!
RE system (extravascular hemolysis) |
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the extravascular hemolysis caused by Anaplasmosis will cause which CS?
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Fever
Pale vaginal mucous membranes |
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Incubation stage-time from infection until ____%
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1%
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CS arent's seen until how much percentage of the RBCs are parasitized w Anaplasmosis?
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>15%
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How would you diagnosie Anaplasmosis?
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CS
Blood smears (Wright's or Giemsa stains) Serologic tests |
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What is the tx for Anaplasmosis?
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Oxytetracycline
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How would you control Anaplasmosis?
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-Tick and fly control
-Test and removal of positives -testing and clearing of carriers -oxytetracycline during vector season -oral Ab's -Vx (ending 2 wks b4 vector season begins) |
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What kind of dz is Babesiosis?
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Tick borne dz
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What type of hemolysis is caused by Babesiosis?
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Intravascular hemolysis (org initially multiplies in the blood vesselss and RBCs are destroyed)
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What CS will you see w Babesiosis?
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fever
anemia hemoglobinurea |
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What kind of bacteria is Leptospirosis?
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-spiroquete bacteria
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Each serovar of Lepto has a "maintenance"host that generally serves as a reservoir. Which animals are common?
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Wildlife species
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What is the transmission of Leptospirosis?
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-infected urine or fluids or venereal/transplacental route
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Lepto by far in cattle is an ______ dz.
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abortion!!!
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Chronic formo f Leptospirosis causes what CS?
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-abortion
-stillbirths. -...... |
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How would you diagnose leptospirosis?
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-dark-field microscopy (urine)
-immunofluorescence (tissues/blood/urine) -culture (blood or urine) -PCR assays -we still do a lot of serology |
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Tx for Leptospirosis
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Tetracycline (3-5 dd)
Could also use ceftiofur |
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What is the most common form of Cu toxicityin sheep?
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Chrnoic Cu toxicity
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Ruminants (esp. sheep) fed excess Cu store the element in their _____.
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livers
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what are som CS for cu toxicity?
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-marked (but not necessarily) anemia
-elevated hepatic enzymes -serum Cu levels increse (only significant when acute Cu toxicity is present; must do liver biopsy to positive) -dark "gunmetal"blue kidneys at necropsy -icterus |
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what is the tx for cu toxicity?
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-chelation (ammonium....)
-give fluids |
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Name how you would control Cu toxicity.
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-control Cu intake
-dont give horse feed to your sheep (nor swine feed) |
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2ry Cu toxicity
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Dont worry about it!
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Water intoxication is most commonly seen in...?
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juvenile animals with no access to water for a while and then suddenly drink a lot.
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Postparturient Hemoglobinuria is primarily a disorder of ____cattle, characterized by_____hemolysis, ______ and_______
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-dairy cattle
-intravascular hemolysis - - |
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What leads to increased RBC's and thinned walled RBC's leading to be permeable from vasculature?
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Low P
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Which organism causes Antrhrax?
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Bacillus anc...
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What is the most common outcome of Antrhax?
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infected animals usually found dead w tarry blood coming from all orifices (severe methemoglobinemia)
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Is anthrax reportable?
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Yes
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Bluetongue
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dont worry about it
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Name some causes of coagulopathies:
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-Brackenfern toxicity
-moldy swee clover -BVD -Inherited disorders (VWD, factor 7 or 11 deficiency) -Chediak-Hegashi syndrome |
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Most common respiratory condition?
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Bovine Respiratory dz complex (Shipping Fever)
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4 Viruses most commonly associated with Respiratory dz's? (multivalent problems)
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EI 3
PRSV BVD IBR |
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Name the cause for mycotic or bacterial nasal granulomas.
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Manhemia hemolytica
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30, 450 lb cattle. No Hx and by looking at them you see some calves that are thin and some have better BCS. Different ear tags. This makes you suspect:
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They come from diff places
-bovine respirtaory dz complex |
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If metaphloxasis (mass tx of high risk calves) is being considered for a group of claves,which Ab would you use?
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At arrival tx claves w Ab (not a very good idea)
-less Ab should be used long term |
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You have no Hx of parasite tx for new arrival calves (what would you recommend for Vx and deworming? (specific product)
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Don't know!
-Exceed (Ceftiofur; long lasting) -Mycotil (Mycoxil) |
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How would you diagnose Mycotic or bacterial nasal granuloma?
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-endoscopy
-biopsy (granulation tissue with eosinophils, mononuclears, possibly hyphae) |
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Allergic _____ may lead to granulomas.
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Allergic rhinitis
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How would you diagnose Atopic Rhinitis/Enzootic Nasal granuloma?
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Same way as Mycotic or bacterial nasal granuloma.
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Nasal _____are rare in ruminants.
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RARE
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Nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep and goats rises from?
Primarily seen in ______? |
From nasal cavity (uni- or bilateral )
-Seen in Europe |
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Sinusitis is an inflammation of ______ sinuses.
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Paranasal sinuses
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What are some causes of sinusitis?
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-Dehorning (frontal) (usually one sinus)
-Infected maxilla (teeth) |
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If a calf has been recently dehorned and he seems to be pretty stiff, what dz's might you be concerned about?
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Sinusitis
Tetanus |
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What is the tx for sinusitis?
Control? |
Trephine sites
Dehorn when young and in clean env (no rain) |
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What is the cuase of nasal pox?
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Oestrus ovis
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What are some CS of Oestrus ovis infestation?
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-rhinitis w sneezing
-snorting -nasal discharge -stridor and reduced airflow |
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Name some bacteria that can lead to dzs of pharynx, larynx and trachea.
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-a. pyogenes
-Actinobacillus -Pasteurella -etc. |
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What is the tx for pharynx, larynx and trachea dzs'?
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-drainage/flushing
-systemic Ab's -NSAIDs -supportive therapy |
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Necrotic laryngitis is caused by which organism?
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fusobacterium necrophorum
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What tissue is affected in necrotic laryngitis?
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laryngeal mucosa/cargilage of young cattle
(seen also in foot rot; liver due to rumenitis) |
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What dz causes a fetid odor to breath?
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Necrotic laryngitis
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How would you diagnose necrotic laryngitis?
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-Clin Path????
-Pathophysilogy???? |
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how would you tx necrotic laryngitis?
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-control env (no dirty crowded feedlots)
-ocytetracycline, penicillin -NSAIDs (in severe cases), tracheostomy -nursing |
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What causes the 2 forms of Tracheal Edema Syndrome of Deedlot Cattle?
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No one know!!!
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Name the 3 types of Pneumonia.
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Bronchial
Metastatic Interstitial |
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Which type of pneumonia causes fever, depression, signs of sepsis, A-V pattern of lung sounds, pathogens via pulmonary tree?
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bronchial
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What type of pneumonia cuases septic emboliztion of lungs from other sites, widespread pulmonary lesions?
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metastatic
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What tissue is affected in necrotic laryngitis?
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laryngeal mucosa/cargilage of young cattle
(seen also in foot rot; liver due to rumenitis) |
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Waht type of pneumonia is usually noninfectious, animals are usually not depressed nor septic and dont respond to Ab's?
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interstitial
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What dz causes a fetid odor to breath?
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Necrotic laryngitis
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Which kind of pneumonia will cause animals to cough up blood?
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metastatic
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How would you diagnose necrotic laryngitis?
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-Clin Path????
-Pathophysilogy???? |
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how would you tx necrotic laryngitis?
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-control env (no dirty crowded feedlots)
-ocytetracycline, penicillin -NSAIDs (in severe cases), tracheostomy -nursing |
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What causes the 2 forms of Tracheal Edema Syndrome of Deedlot Cattle?
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No one know!!!
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Name the 3 types of Pneumonia.
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Bronchial
Metastatic Interstitial |
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Which type of pneumonia causes fever, depression, signs of sepsis, A-V pattern of lung sounds, pathogens via pulmonary tree?
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bronchial
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What type of pneumonia cuases septic emboliztion of lungs from other sites, widespread pulmonary lesions?
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metastatic
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Waht type of pneumonia is usually noninfectious, animals are usually not depressed nor septic and dont respond to Ab's?
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interstitial
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Which kind of pneumonia will cause animals to cough up blood?
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metastatic
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Major infectious agents for respiratory dz comlex RDC?
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pasteurella multocida
manheimia hemolytica mycoplasma |
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Which resp dz is the largest cause of economic loss in feedlot calves/lambs?
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Respiratory Dz Complex (RDC)
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Shipping Fever- occurrence peaks within ____wks of arrival of calves in feedlots.
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3 wks
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What kind of virus is BVD?
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Pestivirus
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BVD isolates are characterized on the basisi fo:
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biotype and genetic lineage
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Name the two classification of biotype
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non-cytopathic and cytopathic
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What is anon-cytopathic biotype?
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Viral strains that do not cause visible degenerative lesions to cells grown in tissue culture
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The majority of BVD isolates have classically been which genetic leneage?
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type 1 (but type 2 are becoming more common in recent yrs)
-differentiated based on serology |
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BVD Clinical Signs
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-mucosal erosion
-cerebellar hypuplasia |
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the 1ry cause of economic loss associated w BVD results from _____complications and not _____
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2ry complications and not diarrhea
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Clinical Outcomes
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-immunosuppression
-hemorrhage -fetal infection/fetal loss |
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Exposure to BVD visur before 125 dd of age can result in abortion OR_______________calves
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persistently infected (PI) calves
-appear normal but are usually "poor" |
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How would you diagnose Acute BVD?
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-CS
-Serology 4x increase in titers over 4 wks -Virus isolation |
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What is the newest test for BVD?
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skin biopsy (ear notch)
-immunohistochemistry stain (epidermal staining only minimal extension into the follicular sotia) |
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Name the specifi tx for BVD
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No specific tx (it's a VIRUS!!)
-supportive tx only |
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Mucosal dz is a specific form of which virus?
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BVD
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What are you culturing the milf filter for?
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Salmonella
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There is concern that JD may be a cause of _____ dz in humans
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Crohn's dz
-granulomatous enteritis |
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Ostertagiosis is most commonly seen during which months?
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april and may
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____% of lameness is on the rear feet
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90%
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Lameness is a major economic loss in what type of cattle?
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dairy cattle
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Ssole ulcers usually occur on what part of the rear feet in dairy cattle?
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lateral claws
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Name the Tx for sole ulcers
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Trimming of the foot
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What is known as corns?
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Hyperplasia interdigitalis, interdigital fibroma
-chronic irritation between claws during loading (seen in heavy older cattle) |
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What is the HHW tx?
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Tetracycline!!!
(could use LS-50 or Victory- a Cu peroxide compound) |
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Foot Rot is usually caused by what kind of bacteria? Give an example
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Anaerobi bacteria
-ex |
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Name the tx for foot rot
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injectable Ab's (not concerned about withdrawal time for milk production)
ex oxytetracycline |
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What kind of onset would you see in Sheep w Foot rot?
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super rapid onset!!! and will see in in MULTIPLE animals!!
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Coffin jt infection tx
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-digit amputation
-digit salvage |
