Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Clinical signs for TRP
|
SUDDEN decline in appetite/milk
fever wither grunt wing out elbows/ reluctant to move |
|
|
Clinpath for TRP
|
hyperfibrinogenemia (active peritonitis)
hyperglobulinemia (chronic) mature neutrophilia (no left shift) |
|
|
Abdominocentesis finding w/TRP
|
neutrophilia
|
|
|
Best diagnostic for TRP
|
Exploratory laparotomy
*Left flank: if strongly suspected *Right flank: possible, better exploratory |
|
|
When to do surgery for TRP?
|
No response to 3 day medical Tx
Indicated initially wire w/rads Indicated initially if clinical signs suggest vagal indigestion |
|
|
What is 3 day medical Tx for TRP?
|
Adminster magnet if no present
Anaerobic attack: Procaine Penicillin G 2: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Oxytet Stahl rest |
|
|
Vagal indigestion key finding
|
Rumen volume increased: PAPPLE
Enlargement of ventral sac |
|
|
What anatomical structures should you think about with Vagal indigestion?
|
Reticulorumen
Reticulo-omasal orifce omasum abomasum |
|
|
Reasons for altered outflow of the reticul-omasal orficie
|
Mechanical
1: Peritonitis -> Hardware**** 2: Abscesses 3: Actinobacillosis 4: Neoplasia Nervous: dorsal/ventral vagus nerve FAILURE OF OMASAL TRANSFER |
|
|
Does failure of omasal transfer increase rumen chloride?
|
No, it is normal
|
|
|
What does failure of abomasal transfer result in?
|
Internal vomitting
Increase in [chloride] rumen |
|
|
Clinical signs are similar independent of fx location of outflow obstruction in VI
|
Moderate reticulorumen distetion: hypermotility
Severe reticulorumen distention: hypomotility/atony |
|
|
Hypomotility w/increased reticulorumen volumen
|
Vagus indigestion
|
|
|
Hypomotility with normal/reduced reticulorumen volume
|
Not Vagus indigestion
|
|
|
Nervous VI clinical signs
|
Listen for secondary contraction cycles
* 7-8 IC space on left CC jx; see if it precedes ruminal sac |
|
|
Tx VI
|
Decompress w/stomach tube
Left flank exploratory` |
|
|
Difference b/w bloat and VI
|
FLUID
VI = fluid Bloat = gas or froth |
|
|
Primary Bloat
|
Frothy
due to feed stomach tube passes easily, but will not relieve |
|
|
Secondary bloat
|
Free Gas (methane & CO2)
Something other than feed Stomach tube passes easily/no easily and relieves bloat |
|
|
Reason for stomach tube passes easily with Free gas bloat
|
Failure of eructation...
w/o rumen motility w/ rumen motility mechanical distortion of cardiac sphin failure of cardia receptors to stimulate |
|
|
Reasons the stomach tube doesn't pass easily w/ free gas bloat
|
Intaluminal esophageal mass
mineral oil, massage externally |
|
|
Cause for Primary bloat (pasture bloat)
|
Grazing pre-bloom legumes
leaf cytoplasmic protein in the foaming agent Antifoaming agents: plant lipids & salivary mucoproteins Speed of digestion does have a factor |
|
|
Genetic component of primary bloat
|
LS and HS cattle
saliva volume and composition chewing time & efficiency Physical & Chemical prop. of rumen |
|
|
Primary (Feedlot bloat)
|
Kansas feedlots
Fed a lot of grain Foam is of microbial origin: bacterial slime -> they can't eructate |
|
|
Tx for Pasture bloat
|
Remove from pasture
administer agent to lower surface tension *non-ionic surfactants instead of oil *can use less and more effective *poloxalene |
|
|
Tx Feedlot bloat
|
Use the mineral oil here
always walk the cow |
|
|
Prevent pasture bloat
|
20 min grazing
spray field/flanks w/oil sentinel cow :( Drench w/proloxalene feed hay before grazing |
|
|
Prevent feedlot bloat
|
Include roughage
slow dietary changes to high grain feed ionophores |
|
|
Tx Secondary bloat
|
Symptomatic (Trocar or fistula)
*keep in place at least 10 days for healing Emergency: stab left flank high and twist 90 degrees |
|
|
BVDV characteristics
|
Pestivirus
single stranded RNA |
|
|
The two genotypes for BVDV
|
BVDV 1
BVDV 2 |
|
|
The two phenotypes for BVDV can occur in either genotype
|
noncytopathic
cytopathic |
|
|
T/F
The dx produced by BVDV in a normal cow is independent of virus strain or phnoetypye? |
T
|
|
|
What are the majority of BVDV infections?
|
Subclinical
seroconvert w/o clinical signs more susceptible to other pathogens |
|
|
BVDV respiratory is part of...
|
Bovine respiratory dz complex
not a problem until a 2 invader occurs |
|
|
BVDV GI
|
diarrhea
bloody due to ulcerations |
|
|
cow infected w/BVDV in 1st trimester
Not effected if previously infected or vaccinated |
early embryonic loss
|
|
|
Cow infected w/BVDV in 2nd trimester
|
Congenital defects
If it is the noncytopathic type -> PI |
|
|
Cow infected w/BVDV in 3rd trimester
|
Seroconversion
Not PI, but can have poor immune fx |
|
|
PI cattle
|
Never produce Ab
can survive to have more calves -> all PI Source of shedding in envrionment |
|
|
What specific syndrome can PI cows get?
|
Mucosal Dz
infected w/cytopathic strain that resembles the already noncyt strain Explosive diarrhea: ULCERATIONS (blunted oral papilla) |
|
|
What specific syndrome does BVDV2 cause?
|
Acute hemorrhagic syndrome
Hemorraghe, high fever, high mortality rate |
|
|
Most definitive test for BVDV and how do you tell a PI?
|
Virus isolation
2 positive isolations 4 weeks apart can do serology: need 4-8 rise in titer |
|
|
PI diagnosis with ear notch
|
Immunohistochemistry
test w/Ab to see if virus is in the skin + = PI animal |
|
|
BVDV prevention control
|
Isolate new arrivals & test for PI
Bulk tank blood for herd Vaccinate: cytopathic w/both strains |
|
|
Salmonella
|
Gram neg rod: Enterobacteriaceae
Facultative anaerobe Dz dependent on strain and # of bacT |
|
|
Gastic Factors against Salmonella
|
Acidity
Rate of emptying |
|
|
Intestinal Factors against Salmonella
|
Motility
Normal flora mucus secreting Ab |
|
|
Nonspefic factor against salmonella
|
Health
Lactoferrin: inhibits bacT growth Gut RE cells lysozyme genetic resistance |
|
|
Salmonella clinical signs
|
Fever
bloody diarrhea, toxemia, or both Abortion Herd problem Drawn out diseases |
|
|
Salmonella Diagnosis
|
Fecal culture 5 times
|
|
|
Salmonella Tx
|
IV or oral fluids
NSAIDS Abx for calves (prolongs shedding) *C/S for outbreaks |
|
|
Salmonella Tx
|
Feed heat treated foodstuff
bird/rodent proof housing Sanitation |
|
|
Malignant catahrral fever
|
Gamma Herpesvirinae
Sheep & Gnu are reservoirs Cattle are dead end host |
|
|
MCF clinical Signs
|
Prolonged Fever
vasculitis purulent nasal discharge Ulcerations: GI, mouth, coronary bands |
|
|
MCF DX
|
PCR or serology if they live long enough
Isolation not helpful |
|
|
Winter Dysentery
|
Coronavirus
Severe watery diarrhea Supportive Tx: rehydrate |
|
|
Coccidiosis
|
Obligate IC parasite
Asexual & Sexual life cycle autoinfection |
|
|
Coccidosis clinical signs
|
bloody diarrhea
tenesmus weight loss |
|
|
Cocciocidal drugs
|
Amprolium
Sulfonamides, not TMS (worthless) Ponazuril |
|
|
Cocciostat drugs
|
Decoquinate
Monensin Lasalocid |
|
|
How much IgG do calves need?
|
40 g
so feed 150g -> 3QT w/in 2 hours; 2 QT 12 hours later |
|
|
How much Ig is in First milking colostrum?
|
3 times than later [ ]
Ig also goes up with lactation #, but the Heifer colostrum is still good |
|
|
When should you use colostrum supplements?
|
Cow dies
Mastitis No frozen colostrum Last resort; supplementation is questionable |
|
|
What technique is recommend to test assessment of Ig absorption?
|
Refractometer
should be greater than 5.2 or 5.5 (dehydrated calf) serum GGT not recommended: too variable and goes down fast |
|
|
How long should you feed colostrum?
|
at least 3 days, but longer if you can
|
|
|
what should you feed 4-21 days?
|
colostrum
non-soy protein replacer whole milk fermented colostrum |
|
|
Why should you feed soy protein to calves < 21 days?
|
Anti-nutritional factors
Calves mount Ig response to protein |
|
|
When can you introduce hay and concentrate to calveS?
|
reserve hay for weaned calves: 8 weeks
7-10 days; calf ration of concentrate |
|
|
When should you wean calves?
|
When [ ] starter is 1 to 1.5 lbs
keep separated until weaned |
|
|
Tx of calf septicemia
Common from FPT, calves < 14 days |
Broad spectrum for 5 days
*Ampicilli/Amoxicillin * Sulfas IV fluids: warm, glucose NSAIDS |
|
|
What umbilical structures can become infected?
|
Umbilicus (fetal-placental conn)
Urachus Umbilical arteries (bladder ligaments) umbilical vein (round lig. of liver) |
|
|
What is pollakiuria indicative of?
|
Urachal infection
bladder can't recoil |
|
|
Less than 2 finger simple hernia
|
Reduce
Glue ear tag and belly band |
|
|
If abscess and body wall intact...
|
drain and check for hernia
|
|
|
When is surgery needed for umbilicus?
|
Hernia > 3 fingers
Umbilical structure infected |
|
|
3 routes for septic arthritis
|
hematogenous
periarticular direct trauma |
|
|
Bacteria in septic arthritis for young? adult? multiple?
|
E. coli
Arcanobacterium pyogenes Mycoplams bovis, Histophilus somni |
|
|
What antibiotics can you lavage a joint with?
|
Potassium penicillin
ceftiofur only repeat once |
