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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two recommended methods for testing passive transfer in calves?
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Serum protein concentration
sodium sulfite precipitation test |
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What serum protein concentration signifies FPT?
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<5.2 g/dl
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What is the treatment for FPT in a dairy calf that is not sick?
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Isolate
feed diluted colostrum or whole milk for 3 weeks |
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Treatment for beef calf with FPT that is not sick
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Isolate cow and calf from other cattle and monitor
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What is the treatment for a FPT dairy calf thata is sick?
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Isolate
Feed diluted colostrum or whole milk for 3 weeks Broad spectrum antibiotics for at least 3 days consider whole blood trans or commercial blood prod |
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What is the treatment for a FPT beef calf that is sick?
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Isolate broad spectrum antibiotics for at least three days
consider trans or commercial blood prods |
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What two drugs are routinely used to treat calf septicemia?
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Ceftiofur
Gentamicin |
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How should you feed a calf with septicemia?
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Feed whole milk at 12-15 % body weight per day broken up into three feedings
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What are the 6 common causes of diarrhea in calves <21 days old?
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enterotoxic E. Coli
rotavirus coronavirus Cryptosporidium parvum salmonella Nutritional |
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What is the number one cause of diarrhea in calves > 21 days old?
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Coccidia
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What are the two important virulence factors for enterotoxigenic E. coli?
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K99 antigen
STa toxin |
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What are the 4 enteric pathogens that have zoonotic potential?
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Crypto parvum
salmonella attatching and effacing E.coli Giardia |
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What are the signs of E.coli infection in a calf?
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yellow watery diarrhea w/o blood
fecal pH increased diarrhea starts 12 hours to 4 days of age |
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What finding gives a definitive diagnosis of E coli as the cause of diarrhea?
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Identification of the fimbrial antigen after culture
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T/F
Intestinal villi are destroyed during an e.coli infection |
false
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What are the signs of rotavirus infection in calves?
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maldigestive/malabsorptive diarrhea
white/yellow with no blood usually starts at 4 days |
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What enteric pathogen of young calves causes intestinal villi to appear chopped off?
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Rotavirus
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How do you diagnose rotavirus diarrhea in calves?
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take a 20-30 gram fecal sample 12-24 hrs after signs and run the following:
1 EM-looks like a wheel 2 Flourescent ab 3.ELISA-identifies group A antigen in feces 4. PCR |
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What enteric pathogen has the same clinical signs as Rotavirus?
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coronavirus but it is longer and more severe
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What does a definitive diagnosis of Coronavirus diarrhea have to present?
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both presence of virus in feces and characteristic histologic lesions
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This virus is shed more during winter and at parturition...
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coronavirus
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crypt cells can be affected with this enteric pathogen...
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coronavirus
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This virus affects villus epithelium of SI, LI, and upper respiratoy....
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coronavirus
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What can be done to decrease viral shedding of coronavirus at parturition?
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vac dam in late gestation
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This enteric pathogen causes villus atrophy and villus fusion in SI and cryptal hyperplasia...
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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When is fecal excretion greatest with Crypto?
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9-14 days of age
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The histological lesions of this enteric pathogen are in the ileum and colonic epithelium and are intracellular but extracytoplasmic...
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crypto
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What are the clinical signs of crypto?
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Malabsorptive diarrhea
-yellow and watery -MAY have some blood -usually starts 5-14 days of age and persists for some time |
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How is Crypto diagnosed in calves?
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oocyst conc must be 10^5-10^7 oocysts/ml in feces
or trophozoites/schizonts in intestinal epithelium and characteristic histologic lesions |
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What is the pathogenesis of salmonella?
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Infective dose depends on strain, age of calf and immune status.
Invasive enteritis of ileum,cecum and colon seen primarily in calves b/c they are lacking acid in the rumen |
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What are the signs of salmonella infection in calves?
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Malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea with
-blood -mucosal -tenesmus also: pyrexia,poor appetite, lethargy, -signs rarely seen before 5 days of age |
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How do you diagnose salmonell infection?
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fecal culture
-must use special media PCR on feces serology |
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How can you control salmonella infection in calves?
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vac dam with salmonella bacterins
vac dams wiwth mutant gram negative bacteria both can have adverse reactions feed milk replacer to calves |
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T/F
overfeeding of milk or milk replacer can cause diarrhea in calves. |
false
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The signs of infection with this enteric pathogen are the same as salmonella yet they are usually seen after 21 days of life....
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coccidiosis
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How do you diagnose coccidiosis in calves?
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quantitative fecal egg count
usuall > 5000 oocysts /gram more accurate if done on multiple calves |
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What is the treatment for coccidiosis in calves?
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no agent proven to work
control: -don't overstock -don't feed on the ground -sustained administration of anticoccidial agents: ----Deccox ----Monensin ----amprolium |
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What are the signs of a Clostridium perfringens type c infection?
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death due to hemorrhage usually precedes clinical signs
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How do you control and prevent clostridial infections in calves?
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vac dam but only if it has been a prob on farm.
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1
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1
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Does coccidia affect the LI or SI ?
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large intestine
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What is the pathogenesis of a Clostridium infection in calves?
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Bacteria adhere to SI villi
multiply and produce Beta toxin (necrotizing) necrosis and sloughing of enterocytes toxemia and death |
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This enteric pathogen of young calves produces loose feces, never really watery diarrhea.....
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giardia
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How is giardia infection diagnosed in calves?
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Motile trophozoites in fecal wet mount
presence of cysts in feces -must use 33% zinc sulfate solution under centrifugal flotation |
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What are the 5 treatment goals of calf diarrhea?
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1 correct acid base, electrolyte and free water abnormalties
2 provide nutritional support 3 facilitate and repair of damages to intestinal epithelial 4 eliminate/prevent E coli bacteremia 5 decrease number of E. coli bacteria in SI |
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What are the clinical signs of metabolic acidosis in calves?
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progressive CNS depression
decreased suckle reflex ataxia recumbency coma and death |
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What electrolyte abnormalties can be seen in a calf with diarrhea?
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Na and Cl will mildly decrease or remain normal
K will increase -bradycardia,cardiac arrhytmias are signs of hyperkalemia |
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What is an appropriate fliud therapy protocol for treating calves with diarrhea?
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If hypoglycemic- MILK!!!
All calves >8% dehydrated=IV fluids >6% dehydrated abd reduced suckle=IV fluids Oral fluids if suckling reflex is good and IV fluids if reflex is bad |
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What are the GI manifestations of BVD ?
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loose to watery diarrhea, with or w/o blood
fever decreased feed intake decreased milk prod oral erosions(not present in every case, but a classic sign) |
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What is the pathogenesis of BVD?
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direct contact with secretions (nasal,oral,genital)--virus taken up by spleen and LN's--replication--viremia--colonization of GI,respiratory,and repro tracts--virus shed in secretions for up to 10 days
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What are the non-GI manifestations of BVD?
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Immunosuppression
hemorrhage fetal disease and death |
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When in gestation is BVD likely to cause congenital defects in a fetus?
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60-180 days
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At what point in gestation does infection of BVD cause PV in calves?
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BEFORE 125 days
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What is the pathogenesis of BVD?
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fetus must be exposed in utero to NON-CYTOPATHOGENIC strain of BVD at <125 days of gestation and become PV--calf is then later exposed to an antigenically similar cytopathic strain of BVD virus
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1
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1
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What tests are used to diagnose acute BVD and what tissues are needed for each?
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1 serum neutralization test
--blood, looking for 4x rise in Ab titer over 4 weeks 2 Flourescent Ab test --fresh or frozen tissue 3 Immunoperoxidase test --formalin fixed tissue 4 PCR --secretions or tissue |
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What tests are used to diagnose PV BVD?
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1 Immunoperoxidase test
--skin biopsy (ear punch) 2 PCR --serum or whole blood --needed on two occasions 3-4 weeks apart 3 Antigen capture ELISA --Serum |
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What tests are used for group screening of BVD?
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pooled PCR and PCR
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What is a good vaccination program for protecting against BVD?
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Vac beef a dairy heifers as well as beef bulls and cows annually (>1 month before breeding) with a mod MLV.
Use a killed virus for dairy cows and feedlot calves on arrival |
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Give five differentials for mucosal disease in cattle
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Acute BVD
MCF Rinderpest Vesicular stomatitis |
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What ruminant species carries malignant catarrhal fever virus and can expose cattle to the disease?
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sheep
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What are the routes of infection for paratuberculosis?
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fecal-oral
transplacental |
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What is the incubation period for paratuberculosis?
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1.5-2 yrs
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What are the clinical signs of paratuberculosis infection?
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chronic pipestream diarrhea
-diarrhea uncommon in small ruminants -normal color and no blood or mucus Progressive weight loss Excellent appetite Ventral edema |
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What are the gross lesions seen with paratuberculosis?
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thickening of walls of ileum, jejunum, or colon
iliocecal and mesenteric LN grossly enlarged |
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What are the histopathological lesions seen with paratuberculosis?
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granulamatous lesions
on smear look for acid fast bacili |
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What are the diagnostic tests used for PTB?
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fecal culture
fecal smear Nucleic acid probe/PCR Serologic tests |
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What are the first line defense mechanisms for tits?
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teat sphincter
shape of teat teat canal length and diameter of teat canal udder depth |
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What are the second lines of defense for titties?
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somatic cells
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What are the other factors involved in titty defense other than first and second lines of defense?
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1 lactoferrin
2 Immunoglobulin G2 |
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Describe the changes in milk yeild sen with mastitis...
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Increase: possibly fat, sodium, chloride, pH,whey proteins
Decrease: lactose, casein, calcium,phosphorus, and potassium, possibly fat |
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What are the pathogens involved in contagious mastitis?
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strep agalactia
Staph auresa Mycoplasma bovis Corynebacteria bovis |
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Which is worse, staph or strept mastitis?
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staph
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Blitz treatment is used only for mastitis caused by what agent?
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strept agalactiae
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When is blitz treatment used?
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only if bulk tank SCC is close to or exceeds the legal limit of 750,000 cells/ml and Strept agalactiae is prevelant
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What are the three options for blitz treating mastitis?
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1 treat all cows
2 culture milk from all cows and only treat strept pos cows 3 treat all cows that have high scc count. |
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What is the best way to reduce incidence of Strept A in a dairy herd?
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post milking germicidal teat dipping
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What is the best way besides blitz treatment to reduce the prevalence of Strept A in a dairy herd?
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Dry cow antibiotic therapy
--infuse all quarters of all cows with antibiotics at the start of dry period |
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What is the best tool for monitoring contagious mastitis in a dairy herd?
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individual cow SCC score
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What are the 4 ways to monitor contagious mastitis in a dairy herd?
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Individual cow SCC score
bulk tank SCC bulk tank milk culture individual cow milk culture |
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What are the most common environmental mastitis pathogens?
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coliform bact
streptococci P. aeruginosa Serratia marcescens nocardia prototheca fungi/yeasts arcanobacterium pyogenes |
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What two pathogens are responsible for most episodes of clinical environmental mastitis in well managed herds?
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coliform bacteria
streptococci |
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When is a cow most susceptible to coliform mastitis?
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Early involution (first 2 weeks of dry period)
Prepartum period (last 2 weeks of dry period) Early peak lactation (first 100 days) |
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What is Bismuth subnitrate used for?
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It is an internal tit sealant
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n
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n
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