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256 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ruminant Esophageal parasites
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Gongylonema pulchrum (Spiroidea)
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Ruminant Ruminoreticulum parasites
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Paramphistomum (T)
Cotylophoron (T) Ciliates (P ciliophora) |
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Ruminant Abomasum parasites
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Haemonchus (Tricho)
Ostertagia (Tricho) Teladorsaiga (Tricho) Trichostrongylus axei (Tricho) Camelostrongylus (Tricho) Cryptosporitium muris (Apic) |
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Ruminant SI parasites
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Trichostrongylus (Tricho)
Cooperia (Tricho) Nematodirus (Tricho) Bunostomum (Tricho) Strongyloides papillosus (Rab) Toxocara vitulorum (Ascar) Moniezia (C) Giardia duodenalis (Sarco) Cryptosporidium (Api) Eimeria (Api) |
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Ruminant LI parasites
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Oesophagostomum (Strong)
Chabertia ovina (Strong) Trichuris (Trichuroid) Trichomonas (Sarco) Ciliate (Cilophora) Eimeria (Api) |
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Ruminant Liver parasites
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Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola hepatica Facioloides magna Dicrocoelium dendriticu Thysanosoma actinoides |
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Ruminant Abdominal cavity
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Setaria
Taenia hydatigena Echinococcus granulosus |
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Ruminant Respiratory parasites
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Dicyocaulus (Trichostrong)
Protostrongylus (Metastrong) Mullerius capillaris (Meta) Oestrus ovis Cephanemyia |
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Ruminant Cardiovascular parasites
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Trypanosoma (Sarco)
Babesia (Api) Theileria (Api) |
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Ruminant Nervous system parasites
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Telazia - Spiroidea
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Meta) Taenia multiceps (C) |
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Ruminant Musculoskeletal parasites
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Taenia saginata
Taenia ovis Sarcocystis spp (Api) |
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Ruminant Reproductive parasites
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Tritrichomonas foetus (Sarco)
Toxoplasma gondii (Api) Sarcocystis spp (Api) Neospora caninum (Api) |
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Ruminant Integument parasites
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Elaophora schneideri
Stephanofilaria stilesi Onchocerca Dermatobia hominis Hypoderma |
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Gongylonema pulchrum
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Spiruroidea
Esophageal worm, Stitch worm, Gullet worm |
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Gonglyonema pulchrum life cycle
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Indirect
DH: swine/ruminants IH: dung beetles and cockroaches |
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G. pulchrum eggs
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larvated/embryonated eggs
sedimentation Eggs eaten by dung beetles |
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Rumen flukes hosts
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DH: ruminants
IH: amphibious or aquatic snails |
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Rumen adults are found in
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rumen and reticulum
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Rumen fluke spp
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Paramphisotumum
Cotylophoron |
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Rumen fluke eggs
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operculate on one end, clear or slightly yellowish
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Rumen fluke life cycle
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egg hatches in water, miracidium escapes, infects snail, cercaria exit snail, become metacercaria on veg, eaten by ruminant
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Rumen flukes infect ruminants
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by excysting in duodenum and attach to wall. Migrate to rumenoreticulum
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Rumen fluke pathogenesis
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immature flukes can cause severe, fatal, enterititis in sheep and cattle
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Rumen flukes Diagnosis
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operculate eggs,
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Ruminant ciliates
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obligate anaerobes
absorb carbs form 20% of volitile FA |
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Newborn ruminants have what ciliates
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none
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Parasitic gastroenteritis spp in abomasum
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Heamonchus
Ostertagia Trichostrongylus axei |
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Parasitic gastroenteritis spp in SI
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Trichostrongylus spp
Cooperia spp Nematodirus spp |
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Parasitic gastroenteritis spp
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Oesophagostomum
Teladrosaggia |
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Only parasitic gastroenteritis spp with different egg
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Nematodirus - large football shaped egg
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Trichostrongyle eggs are passed as _____ eggs and ______ in environment
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segmented
larvated |
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How much rain is required for Trichostrongyle egg to leave fecal pat?
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2 inches per month
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Haemonchus is a
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warm season parasite
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Ostertagia is a
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cool seaon parasite in Texas, but summer parasite in Michigan
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Parasitic gastroenteritis disease complex characteristics
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Not due to one spp
primary loss is decreased production |
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Gastric parasitism of PGDC
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Anorexia
Hypertrophy of mucosa Decreased HCl Loss of plasma Blood loss |
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Intestinal parasitism of PGDC
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Lowered absorption and transport
Loss of H2O and electrolytes Increased peristalsis |
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Physiological effects of PGDC
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malabsorption
immature epithelial cells lack enxymes Frothy diarrhea - fermentation of CHO Electrolytes enter the gut |
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Self cure of PGDC is carried out via
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large Haemonchus larval infection
removes all species of worms |
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General considerations of PGDC
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Antihelmintics interferes with host immune respons
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Periparturient relaxation of Resistance
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Spring rise or autum rise
occurs at parturition and lactation egg production increases arrested larvae are no longer inhibited |
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Immunological exhaustion
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animals exposed to prolonged contiuous antigenic stimulation become unresponsive, returns after worm burden removed
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Genetics of Resistance
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Some breed and individuals have increased resistance
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Cool season parasites
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Ostertagia, Cooperia onchophora, Trichostrongylus acei., T. colubriformis, Dictyocaulus
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Warm Season parasites
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Haemonchus, Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata
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Raking grazing
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Sheep will bed in highest area at night and graze in lowest during day
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Hefting
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Heavily grazed areas are parks, long grass inbetween is roughs
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overcrowding
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large number of animals allow for grazing with high fecal contamination
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overgrazing
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eat lower to ground, less selection, larva closer to ground
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Nutrition
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more worms on low nutritional plan
High protein reduces PPRR |
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Parasitic Gastroenteritis in Texas: Dairy or beef calves, replacements or stockers
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Ostertagia
Cooperia Haemonchus |
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PGE in adult cows
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Ostertagia
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PGE in sheep in Texas
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Haemonchus
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PGE goats all ages
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Haemonchus
Trichostrongylus |
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PGE deer
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Ostertagids
Haemonchus |
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PGE cameloids
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Haemonchus
Camelostrongylus |
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Ruminant Abomasum genera
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Haemonchus
Ostertagia Trichostrongylus |
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Haemonchus SF
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Trichostrongyloidea
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Haemonchus spp
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Placei in cattle only
Contortus can go to young calves |
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Haemonchus is the
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largest of abomasal worms
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Haemonchus characteristics
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Bright red worm
Male bursa dorsal ray is asymmetrically placed spicules crochet hooked end females vulva flab |
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the most important pathogen of small ruminatns in temperate and tropical regions, such as Texas
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Haemonchus placei
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Haemonchus contortus infects what spp
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Sheep goats, cameloids, deer, exotic ruminants, including gazell, oryx and giraffe
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H. contortus is a
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voracious blood sucker
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H. contortus life cycle
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Direct
L1 passed L3 infective, exsheath in rumen, enter abomasum L4 suck blood |
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H. contortus hypobiotic larvae emerge
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Periparturient period, early summer and autumn
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Most important helminth pathogen of cattle in temperate zone of the world
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Ostertagia ostertagi
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Ostertagia ostertagi life cycle
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direct
thin shelled segmented eggs L3 infective stage, exsheath pass into gastric glands of abomasum |
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Ostertagiosis is caused by
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abomasal damage from maturing worms emerging from abomasal glands
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Type 1 Ostertagiosis
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summer/autumn in north
autumn/winter in south caused by emergence of worms from gastric gland |
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Type 2 Ostertagiosis
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Winter/spring North
autumn South simultaneous emergence of previously arrested larvae |
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Stimulus that triggers Type 2 Ostertagioisis
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Anthelminitic treatment
Change in diet Change in weather conditions |
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Ostertagia pathology
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extent of damage depends on worm load
gastic gland mucosa replaced by cells resulting in lowered production of HCL and Pepsinogen pH 2 to 4 Bacterial proliferation |
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Clinical manifestation of Type I Ostertagia
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overstocking
Failure to gain weight, anorexia Diarrhea Dehydration |
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Clinical manifestation of pre Type 2 Ostertagia
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increase in numbers of larva
no changes in activity of abomasum |
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Clinical manifestation of Type 2 Ostertagia
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Severe emaciation
Brown to green diarrhea Edema |
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Teladorsagia circumcincta is important in
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sheep and ogast in cool moist climates
Rare in Texas, maybe in winter |
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Instead of Teladorsagia circumcincta Texas usually gets
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Trichostrongylus colubriformis or Haemonchus contortus
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White tailed deer get what spp of ostertagia in Texas
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ostertagia and Mazamastrongylus
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Exotic deer ostertagia in Texas
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Spiculopteragia spp
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Llamas, camels, antelope Ostertagia in Texas
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Camelostrongylus mentulatus
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Exotic antelop ostertagia in Texas
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Longistrongylus curvispiculum
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Sheep ostertagia in Texas
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Marshallagia
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Trichostrongylus axei
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Hair worm
ruminants, horses and swine |
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Trichostrongylus axei unique characteristic
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Excretory notch
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Trichostrongylus axei accompanies
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Ostratagia
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Trichostrongylus male characteristics
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Male spicules not equal
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Trichostrongylus axei is rarely a _______ but contributes to _______
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primary pathogen
PGD |
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T. axei can cause
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edema
weight loss inappetance |
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Small intestine ruminant parasites
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Trichostrongylus
Cooperia Nematodirus |
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Trichostrongylus colubriformis characteristics
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Black scour worm, bankrupt worm
anterior excretory notch |
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In Texas what is the most important species of Trichostrongylus in goats
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T. colubriformis
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Goats infected with T. colubriformis need
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twice as much feed
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T. colubriformis interferes with
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absorption of Ca, PO4 and Vit A
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Treatment of _____ may control _____
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Haemonchus
Trichostrongyloidea |
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Cooperia spp characteristics
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Trichostrongyloidea
Cephalic vesicle with transverse cuticular striations |
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Most prevalent nematode in young Texas cattle
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Cooperia
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Compared to Ostertagia, Cooperia
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is mild
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Warm season Cooperia spp of cattle
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Cooperia pectinata
Cooperia punctata with Haemonchus |
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Cool season Cooperia spp of cattle
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Cooperia onchophora
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Sheep Cooperia
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Cooperia curtecei
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Nematodirus characteristics
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Trichostrongyloidea
Twisted wire worm mostly llamas |
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Nematodirus spp in US
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N. battus in Oregon
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Nematodirus eggs are
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HUGE
diagnostic doesn't hatch until L3 matures in egg |
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Measure of parasitism in ruminant hosts
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Egg count
Postmortem |
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Egg counts can vary based on
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seasonal variance
Grazing density age group involved worm burden parasite species involved host species |
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Egg count tests
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McMaster's - egg per gram
Wisonsin double centrifugal sugar floatation Blood and serum constituents |
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SI parasite management practices
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deworm ewes at or before labing
deworm just sick individuals during grazing seaon after worming move to clean pastures Rotate class of dewormer Deworm young/stressed animals |
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Small intestine ruminant parasites
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Bunostomum
Strongyloides Toxocara Moniezia Giardia Cyrptosporidium |
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Bunostomum spp
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Strongyloidea
Hookworm B. phlebotomum - cattle B. trigonocephalum - sheep |
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Bunostomum anterior
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hooked
cutting plates on ventral margin |
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Bunstomum eggs
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more elliptical than oval
segmented when passed readily float |
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Bunostomum life cycle
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direct
Larva to L3 infective stage |
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Bunostomum infection via
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skin penetration
ingestion |
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Bunostomum produces
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dark tarry stool
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Bunostomum pathogenesis
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severe anemia
Black tarry feces rapid onset of disease |
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Strongyloides papillosus
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Rhabitoidea
hairworm only females parasitic filariform esophagus 3 anterior papilla |
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Strongyloides papillosus eggs are
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larvated
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S. papillosus can be transmitted via
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transmammary,
skin penetration oral routes L3 |
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S. papillosus migration for transmammary
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Aortic migration to tissue until lactation
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S. papillosus was very prolific in
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barns that raised calves on saw dust
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Strongyloides papillosis TX
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Fenbendazole
Ivermectin |
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Toxocara vitulorum
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Ascaroidea
3 prominent lips |
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T. vitulorum eggs are
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single celled
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T. vitulorum infective stage
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L2
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T. vitulorum pathogenesis
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diarrhea
emaciation obstruction death |
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T. vitulorum TX
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Piperazine
spontaneous cure 3 - 5 months of age |
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Moniezia spp
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Anoplocephalidae
M. expansa - sheep goats M. benedeni |
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Moneizia adults may be how long?
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2 meters
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Moniezia life cycle
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indirect
IH oribatid mites Cysticeroid in mite mites in pasture DH eats mite |
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Moniezia ppp
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6 weeks
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Diagnosis of Moniezia spp
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eggs on floatation
triangular/quadrangularwith thick edges containing hexacanth embryo |
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Moniezia Pathogenicity
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common in young
no disease proven but Clostridium Perfringens enterotoxemia occurs with co infection |
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Moniezia TX
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None
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Giardia intestinalis
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Sarcomastigophora
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Giardia instestinalis concern
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Zoonotic potential
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Cryptosporidium parvum infects
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very young animals
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Cryptosporidium parvum hosts
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dairy calves
lambs, kids, and humans ZOONOTIC potential |
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Cryptosporidium parvum is a
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tiny coccidia
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Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle
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direct
sporozoites attach to microvillus |
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infective stage of Cryptosporidium is
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sporulated oocysts
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Cryptosporidium disease
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microvilli are mechanically disrupted
malabsorption self limiting |
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Cryptosporidium DX
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flotation
small oocysts - smaller than RBC |
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Cryptosporidium TX
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None
good nursing drugs not approved in food animals |
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Cryptosporidium andersoni
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Cattle
Older cattle than C. parvum associated wtih unthrifty feedlot animals |
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large intestine ruminant parasites
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Oesophagostomum
Chabertia Trichuris Trichomonas Ciliates Eimeria |
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Oesophagostomum spp
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O. radiatum - cattle
O. columbianum - sheep/goats O. venulosum - sheep/goats |
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Oesophagostomum characteristics
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anterior end bent in spiral
buccal cavity/leaf crowns anterior vesicles |
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Oesophagostomum life cycle
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direct
segmented eggs passed L3 infective stage |
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Oesophagostomum SF
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Strongyloidea
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Oesophagostomum infection via
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skin penetration
ingestion |
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Oesophagostomum pathogenesis
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loss of intestine at slaughter due to nodules
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Oesophagostomum TX
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Broad spectrum anthelminitics
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Chabertia ovina
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Strongyloidea
large mouthed bowel worm Rudimentary leaf crown |
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Chabertia ovina eggs
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segmented
float |
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Chabertia ovina pathogenesis
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adults plug feeders enteritis
larvae suck blood diarrhea with mucus and blood |
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Trichuris ruminant spp
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Whipworm
Trichuris ovis - cecum Trichuris discolor Tricuris globulosa - |
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Trichuris life cycle
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direct
ingestion of L1 egg unsegmented egg passed in feces |
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Trichuris pathogenesis
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none in cattle, sheep and goats
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Trichomonas spp in ruminants
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Pentatrichomonsa hominis
Cattle flagellate |
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Pentatrichomonas hominis life cycle
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trophozoite has progressive type motility
Nonpathogenic organism |
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Rumen ciliates
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Buxtonella resembles Balantidium
no disease |
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Eimeria in cattle
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Eimeria zuernii
Eimeria bovis Eimeria alabamensis Eimeria auburnensis Eimeria ellipsoidalis |
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Eimeria in small ruminants
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Eimeria ahsata
Eimeria intricate Eimeria ovinoidalis Eimeria parva Eimeria gilruthi Eimeria ninakohlykimovae Eimeria arlongi Eimeria macusaniensis |
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Eimeria form in feces
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unsporulated oocysts - non-infective
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Eimeria is usually in
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young animals
crowded conditions |
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Stress factors contributing to disease
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After weaning
During or following cold or wet weather Following changes in feed Grouping animals from different sources |
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Eimeria life cycle
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infection by ingestion of sporulated oocyts
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Eimeria clinical signs
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diarrhea/dysentery with or without blood
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Eimeria diagnosis
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oocysts in feces
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Emieria form in intestinal scraping
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Merozoites
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Eimeria zuernii infects
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Cow, water buffalo
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Eimeria zuernii is the
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smallest of coccidia
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Most important Eimeria spp in bovine feed lot
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Emieria zuernii
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Winter coccidiosus in other parts of country
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Eimeria zuernii
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Eimeria zuernii pathogenesis
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brain swelling, electrolyte imbalance
dystentery Tenesmu Weakness anemia |
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Eimeria bovis
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common in cattle
small intestine, cecum, colon Giant meronts dysentery |
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Eimeria alabamensis
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Cattle - non pathogenic
intranuclear |
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Eimeria auburnensis
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Common species in cattle
mid and lower intestine moderate pathogen |
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Eimeria ellipsoidalis
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oocysts vary in size
non-pathogenic |
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Eimeria ahsata
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Sheep small intestine
pathogenice species causes diarrhea chronic weight loss |
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Eimeria intracate
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Sheep
lower small intestine to rectum soft mucoid feces |
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Eimeria ovinoidalis
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Small intestine of sheep
Pathogenic, diarrhea - fly strike dysentery |
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Eimeria parva
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Sheep - non pathogenic
|
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Eimeria gilruthi
|
Sheep/goat
abomasum Large meronts non pathogenic |
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Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae
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Goat
pathogenic diarrhea |
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Eimeria arlongi
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Goat
enteritis Feedlot problem Associated wtih shearing/weaning of Angora goats |
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Eimeria macusaniensis
|
auchenidae, cameloids, llama, alpacas
most pathogenic of cameloids coccida hypoproteinemia without anemia |
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Cattle pathogenic Eimeria
|
Eimeria zuernii
Eimeria bovis Eimeria auburnensis |
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Cattle non-pathogenic Eimeria
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Eimeria alabamensis
Eimeria ellipsoidalis |
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Small ruminant pathogenic Eimeria
|
Eimeria ahsata
Eimeria intricate Eimeriaovinoidalis Eimeria ninakohlyakimoviae Eimeria arlongi |
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Eimeria small ruminant non-pathogenic
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Eimeria parva
Eimeria gilruthi |
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Fasciola Hepatica eggs
|
Large, golden operculate eggs that don't float
|
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Fasciola Hepatica season
|
late autumn through winter.
|
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Fasciola hepatica IH
|
amphibious snails
Snalis aestivate in summer |
|
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F. hepatica miracidium requires
|
water and light to hatch
|
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In the snail, F. hepatic larva grows from
|
miracidium to sporocyst, to redia, to cercaria
|
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F. hepatica pathology
|
Acute Fascioliosis
Black Disease Red Water Chronic Fascioliosis |
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Acute Fascioliosis
|
F. hepatica
Most often seen in sheep/llamas Hemorrhagic tracts with cellular damage |
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Black Disease
|
F. hepatica
Associated with C. novyi summer/autumn Sudden deaths |
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Red Water
|
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
C. haemolyticum - proliferates to disease with liver damage |
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Chronic Fascioliosis
|
Biliary fibrosis
anemia, jaundice, bottle jaw, ill thrift, diarreha |
|
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F. hepatica antihelmintic use at
|
> 12 weeks after infection , before 12 weeks, no effect. But damage already done
|
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Fasciola magna
|
Giant Deer Fluke
DH: Cervidae IH:amphibious snails (lymnaeidae) |
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Pathoneumonic lesion of F. magna
|
Black pigmented liver
|
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Cattle and Moose F. magna infection
|
Thick encapsulations lacking connecting channels to bile ducts
Non-patent infection |
|
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Sheep, goat, Llama F. magna infection
|
Wanders in liver, severe tissue damage
Non-patent infection |
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F. magna pathogenesis
|
Deer: biliary cirrhosis
Sheep, Goat, Llama - tissue damage - 1 or 2 can kill Cattle - large cavities |
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F. magna DX
|
Post mortem on sheep goat, llama, and cattle
Black pigment in liver and other tissues recovery of eggs from deer |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
small semitransparentfluke with lancet like body
DH: sheep, cattle, goats IH: 2 - land snail Cionella and ant Formica |
|
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle
|
Indirect
Miracidium passed in feces, ingested by Cionella, ejected in pulmonary exudate, ingested by Formica, cercaria to brain of Formica, horse eats Formica |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum PPP
|
10 weeks
|
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Control of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
Chickens 80/acre biological control of snails
|
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Thysanosoma common name
|
Fringed Tapeworm
|
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Thysanosoma Life Cycle
|
DH: sheep and other ruminants except cattle
IH: psoicids (book lice)-cistercercoid, Sheep ingest infected IH while grazing |
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Thysanosoma characteristics
|
Adult tapeworm in duodenum near bile ducts
Row of long papillae on posterior border of each segment Reproductive organs are double |
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Thysanosoma eggs are
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thick walled angular with no pyriform apparatus
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Thysanosoma different from Moniezia because
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Moniezia has a pyriform apparatus
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Setaria labiatopapillosa characteristics
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Abdominal cavity
Males corkscrew tail Female tail ends in button Microfilaria in blood |
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Setaria labiatopapillosa life cycle
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DH ruminants
IH mosquitoes Develop to L3 in mosquito |
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Setaria labiatopapillos pathogenicity
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In the US - aberrant eye infections
inguinal canal infections decreases bull fertility |
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Taenia Hydatigena larvae are called
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Cysticercus tenuicollis
Long necked bladderworm |
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Taneia hydatigena Life cycle
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Adult tapeworm in small intestine of canids
IH: sheep, cattle pig, goat eat eggs Onchospheres hatch and go wander in the liver for a month, break through liver capsule, attach to peritoneum, omentum, mesentery, DH eats cysticercus |
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Taneia hydatigena pathogenesis
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Liver damage
hemorrhatic tracts hepatosis cysticercosis Black disease Bladderworm in peritoneal cavity causes no harm |
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Echinococcus granulosus Life cycle
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Hydatid Disease
DH: canids only - eats raw offal IH : ruminants, swine, macropods, equids, and humans |
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Echinococcus granulosus characteristics
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Adult only in SI of canids with only 3 or 4 segments
Scolex w/4 suckers and armed rostellum Single lateral pore a |
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Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst
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Stage in intermediate host
thick walled opaque cyst with germinal membrane Brood capsules, and daughter cysts develop from germinal membrane Contain numerous scolicies |
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Echinococcus granulosus zoonotic potential
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serious illness in man - eats eggs not cyst
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Ruminant Respiratory system parasites
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Dictyocaulus
Protostrongylus Muellerius Mammomonogamus Oestrus Cephenemyia |
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Dicytocaulus viviparous
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Trichostrongyloidea
lungworm |
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Dictyocaulus viviparus characteristics
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females have vulva mid body and produce larvated eggs
Males bursate with knobby rays and short stout spicules |
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Dictyocaulus viviparus life cycle
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Direct
Females ovo-viviparous L1 in feces Larvated eggs are passes |
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Dictyocaulus viviparus is spread by
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mushroom sporangiophores spread,
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Dictyocaulus viviparus pathogenesis
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Little damage associated with penetration of gut
secondary bacterial neumonia, edema emphysema |
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Dictyocaulus viviparus acute disease
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verminous pneumonia
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Dictyocaulus viviparus chronic
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Cough, slow recovery
deep Hose sounding cough |
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Dictyocaulus viviparus DX
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rectal sample for Baermann collection of L1 larvae
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Dictyocaulus filaria
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Small ruminant version
PPP longer 26 - 28 days |
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Protostrongylus rufescens
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Metastrongiloidea
Lungworm |
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Protostrongylus refescens embed in
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lung parenchyma, small bronchioles, alveoli
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Protostrongylus rufescens characteristics
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L2 with kinked tail passed in feces
female has vulva near tail, larvated eggs produced |
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Protostrongylus rufescens life cycle
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DH: sheep and goat
IH land snails and slugs |
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Protostrongylus rufescens is usually
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non-pathogenic but Bighorn sheep susceptible to infection hwere sheep and Bighorm graze together
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Mullerius capillaris
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Metastrongyloidea
Lungworm |
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Mullerius capillaris characteristics
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terminal bronchioles and alveoli
Male lack bursa but tail coiled in spiral |
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Mullerius capillaris life cycle
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Eggs develop in the lung
Indirect |
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Mullerius pathogenicity
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host reaction causes worm to be enclosed in fibrous nodules
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Mammomonogamus laryngeus
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Strongyloidea
|
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Mammomonogamus laryngeus characteristics
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Y shaped,
Blood sucker no pathogenesis |
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Oestrus ovis
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Nasal bot
Sheep bot fly |
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Oestrus ovis life cycle
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adult flies do not feed
larviposit near nasl cavit Mature larvae are expleed from nose, pupate on ground |
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Oestrus ovis flies active
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spring through fall
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Oestrus ovis pathogenicity
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irritate nasal and sinus mucosa causing discharge
Osteomyelitis/meningoencephalitis |
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Oestrus ovis DX
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difficult in living hsot since larve not easily visualize
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Cephenemyia
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nasal pharyngeal head or throat bots
Deer, native and exotic Female flies larvioposit in nostrils sneeze out 3rd instar |
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Cephenemy pathogenesis
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None
Scare hunters when bots come from meat |
