Rules

Front 1

No word for "to do". They say "have you...?"

Back 1

:-)

Front 2

The definitive article in danish is a NOUN ENDING in danish

Back 2

Et ben --> benet

Front 3

Answer of question of negation = Jo!

Back 3

:-)

Front 4

70% of Danish words = en, 30% of Danish words = et (but et ones more used)

Back 4

:-)

Front 5

For all cities/towns 'til'

Back 5

Til København / undervisning (class)

Front 6

Kan = ability, also with languages we can speak

Back 6

:-)

Front 7

Jeg skal/vil/kan/må + infinitive

Back 7

:-)

Front 8

Adverbs (desvære/I eftermiddag) goes first

Back 8

Desvære/I eftermiddag skal jeg på arbeijde

Front 9

Verbs in the present tense: I am reading = jeg læser

(rather than jeg skal læse)

Back 9

:-)

Front 10

If it has auxiliary / modal verb --> repeat it in answer

Back 10

:-)

Front 11

If it has no auxiliary / modal verb --> use gør: ja, det gør jeg

Back 11

:-)

Front 12

Sprog = unchanged single or plural: hvor mange sprog kan du tale?

Back 12

:-)

Front 13

Present tense: for the present moment or something you do often (sport / hobby)

Back 13

:-)

Front 14

Convert infinitif to nutid: dyrke, spille, svømme, gå se

Back 14

Nutid: dyrker, spiller, svømmer, går, ser

Front 15

Infinitif (with other verb) + 'at' --> FOR LIKES AND DISLIKES

Back 15

Ex: Jeg elsker/kan godt lide at cykle

Front 16

Infinitiv (modal + bare infinitive) --> ABILITY, WANT, OBLIGATION, PLAN...

Back 16

Ex: Jeg kan tale dansk

Front 17

Answer: Går du til sport

Back 17

Ja det gør jeg

Front 18

Answer: Kan du cykle

Back 18

Ja det kan jeg

Front 19

Both sports (går du til sport? Or kan du cykle?) But can act like it's not a modal verb & then be a modal verb)

Back 19

:-)

Front 20

På + weekday / I + time of day

Back 20

But NO preposition when you have WEEKDAY + TIME OF DAY (not clock) in same sentence

Front 21

Skal / vil + BARE INFINITIF / PLACE

Back 21

:-)

Front 22

Most common plural +er (but don't add e if it's already there, ex stykke)

Back 22

:-)

Front 23

Adjectives: ATTRIBUTIVE (en stor bil) or PREDICATIVE (bilen er stor)

Back 23

Bil = car , stor = big

Front 24

Adjective has to AGREE with the noun: et storT hus, to storE husE

Back 24

:-)

Front 25

Definitive adjectives: den storE bil, det storE hus, de storE huse, Klaus'/min storE hus

Back 25

:-)

Front 26

God/godt/gode BUT lækker/lækkert/lækRE

Back 26

:-)

Front 27

Det lyder (good)

Back 27

Det lyder godt (adverb, so unchanged)

Front 28

Bilen kører (is going) fast

Back 28

Bilen kører hurgtigT

Front 29

That tastes good

Back 29

Den/det/de smager godt

Front 30

Noget = utælleligt (uncountable). So answers are i.e. I don't have MUCH

Back 30

Har du noget - mad/kaffe/sukker

Front 31

Answer to: Har du noget - mad/kaffe/sukker

Back 31

Ja, jeg har noget mad / nej, jeg jar ikke noget mad

Front 32

Nogen = tælleligt spørgsmål (countable questions)

Back 32

Har du nogen (any) pærer?

Front 33

Negative answer to: Har du nogen (any) pærer?

Back 33

Desvære, jeg har ikke nogen (pærer) - (answer is i don't have many)

Front 34

I would like to have some pears/vegetables/apples/tomatoes/cups of coffee

Back 34

Jeg vil gerne have nogle pærer/grøntsager/æbler/tomater/kopper kaffe

Front 35

Adverbials are followed by inversions (om morgenen/ i weekenden / fredag aften) + inversion. Hvad laver du om tirsdagen --> answer in present tense and invert.

Back 35

:-)

Front 36

Hvad laver du om morgenen? --> måske spiser jeg ... / sommetider, ofte, tit + inversion. Om morgenen står jeg op kl. 8

Back 36

:-)

Front 37

CA: jeg spiser også/ikke morgenmad

Back 37

:-)

Front 38

Commas: om morgenen (no comma!) Spiser jeg også/ikke morgenmad (CA = very constant position)

Back 38

:-)

Front 39

Watch out for not mixing 'so' and 'in order to' : both 'så'. Plus, when switching a sentence with 'så' it becomes 'for'.

Back 39

Jeg cykler til uni, så er jeg typik dansk / jeg er typik dansk, FOR jeg cykle til uni.

Front 40

TIP: For present tense (nutid), think 1st person singular in english. If there would be an 's' (i.e. he/she eatS) then you know it's 'nutid'.

Back 40

Ex: spiser, løber, dyrker, har

Front 41

The infinitive is used with modal verbs or likes/dislikes

Back 41

Vil,skal,kan,må / spise,løbe,dyrke,have

Front 42

5 main clause conjunctions (5 holvdselvings conjunctioner)

Back 42

Men, og, for, eller, så

Front 43

1.5 (numbers) can be adjectives

Back 43

Ex: drengen er halvandeT (1.5) år (et år) / halvandeN liter øl (en liter) --> adjectives must agree

Front 44

There are 3 groups (gruppe) of nouns (substantiver)

Back 44

1: en familie/familien/familier/familierne

2: en datter/datteren/døtre/døtrene

3: et barn/barnet/børn/børnene

Front 45

Possessive pronouns (min dit hans)/genetive (peters Køvenhavns marx')/ definitive articles (den det de) + DEFINITIVE ADJECTIVE (e-form): hvidE storE nyE, but: lilla

Back 45

:-)

Front 46

3 forms of delicious, old, lazy

Back 46

Lækker lækkert lækre

Gammel gammelt gamle

Doven dovent dovne

Front 47

3 forms of tight, loose, striped, patterned

Back 47

Stram stramt stramme

Løs løst løse

Stribet stribet stribede

Mønstret mønstret mønstrede

Front 48

In danish don't say 'i went' say 'i was' (at this place).

Back 48

Jeg var: på café/i Arhus/til fest

Front 49

To be (infintiv, nutid, datid participium= past tense)

Back 49

Være er var været

Front 50

To Go (inf, nut, dat, part)

Back 50

Gå går gik gået

Front 51

To Write (inf, nut, dat, part)

Back 51

Skrive skriver skrev skrevet

Front 52

Datid (past tense): group 1 = 80% - EDE / group 2 = 15% -TE / group 3 = 5% - irregular ones (but often used)

Back 52

1: jeg slappede af (slappe/slapper)

2: jeg købte ind i fredags (købe/køber) - fredagS = last friday

3: jeg gik en tur (gå/går)

Front 53

Last friday

Back 53

I fredags

Front 54

Tøj (clothes) = always singular.

Back 54

:-)

Front 55

Modal + what form of infinitive

Back 55

Modal + bare infinitive (no 'at')

Front 56

No modal verb + what form of infinitive?

Back 56

Modal verb + infinitive with 'at'

Front 57

Den gulE tekstbog (e-form when definitive article is before) --> tekstbogen er gul (this is still definitive but don't use e-form)

Back 57

:-)

Front 58

Function of Må = polite request (it would be nice if you brought a bottle of wine)

Back 58

Du må gerne tage en flaske vin med

Front 59

X jeg også = wrong

Back 59

V også mig = right

Front 60

Og så = linking word + inversion

Back 60

Ex: og så skal du...

Front 61

Gør in participium form --> gjort

Er in participium form --> været

Back 61

/

Front 62

"i" = in, but with "i to år" means for 2 years (duration of time)

Back 62

/

Front 63

2 forms of førnutid:

Back 63

-et / -t

Ex: har værET

Ex: har gjorT

Front 64

3.5 months = 3 et halv måneD (singular here with halv. Use the singular when there's a half involved)

Back 64

/

Front 65

Reflexive pronoun (refleksivt pronomen): sin/sine can not be part of the subject.

Back 65

Ex: Hans (not sine) cowboybukser er blå

Ex: Hendes (not sin) trøje (shirt) har et hjerte på

Front 66

Nouns:

Group 1: with 'r'

Group 2: no 'r'

Group 3: unchanged in singular & plural

Back 66

1: en morgen / morgenen / 2 morgener / alle morgenerne

2: en seng / sengen / 2 senge / alle sengene

3: en film / filmen / 2 film / alle filmene

Or

Tøj / tøjet / - / alt tøjet

Front 67

Reflexive pronouns:

The cat doesn't drink it's milk

The cat is glad for its collar

The cat loves its whiskers

Back 67

Katten drikker ikke sine mælk

Katten er glad for sit halsbånd

Katten elsker sine knurhår

Front 68

Jeg er glad for min frakke, siger Ruth. Ruth er glad for...

Back 68

Ruth er glad for sin frakker (3rd person singular)

Front 69

Jeg er glad for mit tørklæde (scarf), siger Anna. Anna er glad for...

Back 69

Anna er glad for sit tørklæde (3rd person singular)

Front 70

Jeg elsker mine støvler (boots), siger Isabella. Isabella elsker...

Back 70

Isabella elsker sine støvler (3rd person singular)

Front 71

'Sin/sit/sine' can never be the subject as they are reflexive and so cannot reflect on themselves (generally reflect on subject that's already there). They can't start a sentence.

Back 71

3 rules of reflexive pronouns:

1) must not be part of the subject

2) must be 3rd person singular

3) must have the reflexive function

Front 72

Sin/sit/sine can be used when you can translate it into english as his/her/their own...

Back 72

/

Front 73

Jeg undervise i biologi (need the 'i' to say i teach biology)

Back 73

/

Front 74

Jeg har tjent og grædt (har governs bith of these)

Back 74

/

Front 75

Førnutid / present perfect:

- Tells us about something that happened before but which also (/still) has an impact on the present

- It has 2 endings: '-t' (verbs ending in -er) & '-et' (verbs ending in -r)

- structure: use har/er + base of verb with -et/-t at the end = the past participle.

Back 75

Ex: Pigen har spist

Ex: Det er begyndt at regne

Ex: Jeg har boet 5 år i Danmark

Front 76

Har du haft (past participle) = have you had (still have it) vs.

Har du havde = past (finished)

Back 76

/

Front 77

Hvor længe har du arbejdet, læst, studeret i EUSA?

Hvor længe har du buet...?

Back 77

Det har jeg gjort...

Det har je gjort i...

(Short answer to questions with the auxiliary, har/er, being repeated in the answer).

Front 78

Hvor længe har du haft...?

Back 78

Det har jeg haft i...

(Short answer to questions with tge auxiliary, har/er, being repeated in the answer).

Front 79

Hvor længe har du været studerende?

Back 79

Det har jeg været...

(Short answer to questions with tge auxiliary, har/er, being repeated in the answer).

Front 80

Jeg er traÆt Af den/det = :(

(caps for stressed syllable)

Back 80

BUT: jeg er trÆt af bofÆlle

(Learned, no real rule)

Front 81

Jeg er glAd fOr den/det

(caps for stressed syllable)

Back 81

BUT: jeg er glAd for mit kollEgium

(Learned, no real rule)

Front 82

Jeg er vIld mEd den/det

(caps for stressed syllable)

Back 82

BUT: Jeg er vIld med min leJlighed

(Learned, no real rule)

Front 83

Hvad synes du om det/den/dit hus/din lejlighed?

Jeg er træt AF det

Jeg er glad FOR det

Jeg er vild MED det

Back 83

/

Front 84

Denne her bog (this book) handler om en dreng, som (S = drengen) bliver kaldt ...

Back 84

Som = connecting word, preventing us from repeating 'dreng'. It means 'who'.

Front 85

Bogstaverne (the letters) så ud som myrer (ants), der (S = myrerne) stod på en lange række (row)

Back 85

Der: can only replace the subject whereas 'som' can replace both the subject and object of the sentence.

Front 86

Der/som: can use 'der' and 'som' interchangeably IN THE CASE OF replacing the subject.

Back 86

Note: If using them multiple times in a paragraph, it's nice to interchange them but otherwise there's no difference between them.

Front 87

Examples with som:

- Jeg har nogle | boger, som (i.e. er skrevet af 'Agatha Christie') / venner, som...

- Jeg har et værelse, som...

Back 87

/

Front 88

Førnutid --> Datid (Group 1 verbs)

I have worked / made / relaxed / been --> I worked / made / relaxed / was

Back 88

Førnutid: Jeg har arbejdET / lavET / slappET af / værET

Datid: Jeg arbejdede / lavede / slappede af

(I.e. know if it is the -EDE form in the past tense, then in førnutid it will end in -ET).

(can only know what verb has which form by learning it off by heart).

Front 89

Jeg har (hælpeverbum = auxiliary) arbejdet (participium = past participle)

Back 89

/

Front 90

Førnutid --> Datid (Group 2 verbs)

I have done / read / visited / learnt --> I did / read / visited / learned

Back 90

Førnutid: Jeg har gjorT / læsT / besøgT / lærT

Datid: Jeg (gjorde = exception) læste / besøgte / lærte

Note: know if it is the -TE form in tge past tense then in førnutid it will end in -ET (can only what verb has which form by learning it off by heart).

Front 91

Fordi:

- Jeg har ikke tid

(S) (V) (A)

-... fordi jeg ikke har tid

(S) (A) (V)

Vs.

- I morgen har jeg ikke tid

(Adverbial) (V) (S) (A)

Back 91

Because of fordi there is no inversion. It is an interesting conjunction: subordinate conjunction (= ledsætningskonjunktion) --> giving reasons.

With adverbial: not giving reasons, but just adding info.

Front 92

Rules for using 'er'/'har'

Back 92

Er: er flyttet / kommet / begyndt / holdt op / blevet (= for interesting changes)

Er/Har: gået / vejst / flyttet / løbet = different meaning depending which you use:

Ex: han er gået = is gone

Ex: han har gået en lang tur = an action (have walked)

OR

Ex: Han et rejst = he has left

Ex: Jeg har rejst meget i Danmark = once again focusing on the action (have travelled)

OR

Ex: Katten er løbet væk = the cat is gone

Ex: Katten har løbet væk = the cat has run away (action again)

Front 93

Som/der

Jeg har en hund. Jeg går tit tur med ham --> jeg har en hund, (som) jeg tit går tur med.

Back 93

- Definitely som because we have 'jeg' there which is clearly the subject here so cannot use der.

- Don't need som, can say I have a dog (that) I sometimes walk. (Rather than whom I sometimes walk. Som is optional).- Either som in a bracket (where it's not needed necessarily) or som/der.

- Either som in a bracket (where it's not needed necessarily) or som/der.

Front 94

Note: Vi går på café (instead of 'vi skal på café') --> with går = present to indicate habit, something you do often.

Back 94

/

Front 95

Note: Hun er lige så høj som mig (instead of lige så stor)

Back 95

/

Front 96

Note: Han kan godt lide at læse boger --> at here indicates books in general

Back 96

/

Front 97

Examples of fordi

- Jeg kan ikke komme med i Tivoli, fordi jeg også skal i skole

(S) (A) (V)

- Amalie er en rigitg venlig person, fordi hendes mor også er venlig.

(S) (A) (V)

Back 97

/

Front 98

Hvis det ikke bliver godt vejr

(LS) (S) (A) (V)

= ledsætningskonjunktioner

Selvom (even though) det ikke var

(S) (A) (V)

solskinsvejr, gik vi i Tivoli.

Gerne is the same as ikke as a centraladverbium.

Ex: Kim går på kursus, fordi hun gerne vil lære dansk. (S)

(A) (V)

Back 98

Other example of central adverbials as well as hvis, selvom: ikke, aldrig, gerne, tit, næsten, altid, også

Front 99

For directions: Nord/Øst/Syd/Vest FOR ...

(Not fra...!)

Back 99

/

Front 100

I would like to travel ...

Back 100

Jeg vil gerne (no at) rejse

Front 101

Southeast of Edinburgh

Back 101

Syd-øst for (not fra) Edinburgh

Front 102

Noun groups - conjugate into their 4 forms:

1) En lejlighed

2) Et hus

3) En fisk

Back 102

1) en lejlihed / lejligheden / to lehligheder / lejlighederne 2) et hus / huset / to huse / husene 3) en fisk / fisken / to fisk / fiskene

Front 103

Sin (his/her/its) is (maybe) used when it's referring to the subject that's already been mentioned)

Ex: as he or she earlier in the sentence.

Back 103

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Front 104

Vil = better than 'skal' when you want to predict the future (rather than planning to or having an obligation to do ... as is implied with 'skal')

Back 104

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Front 105

If you say the dog is 'kold' it implies that the dog is cold to the touch. You would say the dog 'fryser' if you wanted to say the dog feels cold.

Back 105

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Front 106

Hjem --> use this form when actively going home: Om seks måneder kommer hun hjem fra Danmark

Whereas you use 'hjemme' to say you're at home

Back 106

/

Front 107

When determining whether to use sin/t/ne or hans/hendes, you have to completely ignore what comes before the comma: ... , when her mum phoned her.

--> here, mum is the new subject, 'sin' must be with the subject so the 'her' here is written as 'hendes' in danish.

Back 107

Ex: For: Han har glemt sin hund --> his = same as the subject so we use 'sin' in danish