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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conceptualizations of class
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Plato: 2 classes- rich/poor
Aristotle: 3 classes- upper, lower, worthy middle class Romans: taxation groups assidui at top and proletarii at bottom Marx: bourgeoisie(rich) and proletariat(poor) |
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Marx: means of production
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all except human labor that is used to produce wealth
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Marx: bourgeoisie -vs- proletariat
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bourgeoisie- own production
proletariat- owns nothing, sells its labor |
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Marx: lumpenproletariat
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people at the bottom of society(social scum:farmers and peasants)
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Marx: class consciousness
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awareness of persons in a class of the interestsand eneminies of their class
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Marx: false consciousness
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members of one clas who think they have an interest shared /c members of another class
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Marx: economic dimension of class
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belief that the only significant diff. in social class was based on property ownership
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Weber: as compared to Marx
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Weber believed property ownership had nothing to do /c social position/political power.
stratification- class, status, and party |
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3 P's
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property(class)
prestige(status) power(party) |
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Weber: property
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all economic resources and opportinities owned by a group
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Weber: prestige
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social honor, respect, status in the group
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Weber: power
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getting your way even in face of opposition from others
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Status inconsistency
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a person holds a higher status in one dimension than in another(wealthy business owner, but HS dropout.
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Lenski's pro-status inconsistency theory
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1 person, 2 ranks(high/low) focuses on high. His employee might focus on that persons low. Wrong ranking= no government support(trust)
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Marx's test of status inconsistency theory
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minority person(Blacks) /c higher ed./rank would be more militant about status inequities than those of lower rank=true
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Social mobility
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degree of upward/downward mvmt of persons in a society
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Caste systems
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achieved status: earned /c merit.
ascribed status: given, not earned, based on who you are not what you do.(Trump family) Merit/effort does not improve status. Status is given at birth at restrict ed., employment, marriage, social mobility for life |
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Structual -vs- exchange mobility as r/t status
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structual mobility- chgs in distribution of status, chg in ratio of high status positions to low status positions.
exchange mobility- occurs when some fall from positions and make that position open to others. More mobility occurs when status is based on achievement. |
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Bourdieu's Cultural capital
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assets based on knowledge, style, speech and tastes which can be used to obtain power/priviledge
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Utopian(society)
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the ideal society
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Classless society
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done by abolishing private ownership
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Anarchists
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persons who view a state has unjust and try to destroy and overthrow the government and live /s laws.
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Dahrendorf's claims about Marx's classless societies
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no real chg in stratification occurred since Marx's replaced capitalist bosses /c communist bosses=those in authority not equal to those under rule.
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Mosca's 3-step proof as to why societies must be stratified
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1. human society needs political organization
2. political organizations-- inequities in power 3. people like power and will use it to exploit others and gain material advantages. |
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Functionalist theory of stratification
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the more important jobs need qualified people and they are given incentives to take the job
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Davis/Moore's supply and demand argument
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education is the key, basicly
-replaceability- degree to which it is difficult to find another person for a job. -toy society- a replica of a social system used to compare stratification and look at alternatives w/n that scenario |
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Social evolutionary theory of stratification
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culture accumulated w/n a society, no one can master it all= cultural specialization or dic=vision of labor occurs =stratification
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Conflict theory or stratification
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Indiv/groups exploit their position to gain rewards in society=more stratified. Stratification results from conflicts/compromises btwn diff groups.
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Conflict theory
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exploitation- add'l profit in an exchg that is beyond what is reasonable for that exchg.
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Replaceability roles: professional, unions, monopolies
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professions- limited # of persons in a profession that demand certain expertise and requirements and duties of that profession making the hire irreplaceable.
unions- a type of monolopy that uses power to decrease the replaceability of its members in the work force. Lg #s=power. monopolies- exert power to keep others from competing. ex. professions/unions |
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Open society/system
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a society where equal opportunity is available for all
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Closed society/system
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a society when various aspects of a person's life are determined at birth and remain fixed(king/queen)
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bourgeoisie
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the owners of the means of production/capital, a Marxist term
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Classless society
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done by abolishing private ownership
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Anarchists
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persons who view a state has unjust and try to destroy and overthrow the government and live /s laws.
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Dahrendorf's claims about Marx's classless societies
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no real chg in stratification occurred since Marx's replaced capitalist bosses /c communist bosses=those in authority not equal to those under rule.
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Mosca's 3-step proof as to why societies must be stratified
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1. human society needs political organization
2. political organizations-- inequities in power 3. people like power and will use it to exploit others and gain material advantages. |
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Functionalist theory of stratification
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the more important jobs need qualified people and they are given incentives to take the job
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Davis/Moore's supply and demand argument
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education is the key, basicly
-replaceability- degree to which it is difficult to find another person for a job. -toy society- a replica of a social system used to compare stratification and look at alternatives w/n that scenario |
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Social evolutionary theory of stratification
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culture accumulated w/n a society, no one can master it all= cultural specialization or dic=vision of labor occurs =stratification
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Conflict theory or stratification
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Indiv/groups exploit their position to gain rewards in society=more stratified. Stratification results from conflicts/compromises btwn diff groups.
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Conflict theory
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exploitation- add'l profit in an exchg that is beyond what is reasonable for that exchg.
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Replaceability roles: professional, unions, monopolies
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professions- limited # of persons in a profession that demand certain expertise and requirements and duties of that profession making the hire irreplaceable.
unions- a type of monolopy that uses power to decrease the replaceability of its members in the work force. Lg #s=power. monopolies- exert power to keep others from competing. ex. professions/unions |
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Simple societies
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nomadic: 1 in 10 low, 1 med.
sedentary 3/4 low, 1/4 med. permanent: 1/2 low, 1/4 med. 1/4 high |
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Stratification of hunting and gathering societies
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most primitive of simple societies, namadic and small in #s(50), low stratification based on sex/age.
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Fixity of Residence
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fixed residences whether in 1 location or moving around were also mostly low in stratification
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Agrarian societies
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fixed, permanent locaion where society could grow, very protective of its people and territory..increase in wealth for property owners.. stratificaton low-high.. poor working.. rich enjoying life
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Industrialization and it consequences
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-the process of substituting tech. for manual labor to increase production.. labor force need more ed. to operate machinery=could make more demands on boss(raise, benefits,
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Alexis de Tocqueville's observation on upward mobility
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found that many American came from humble beginnings to wealth and were proud of it.. unique to America
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Lipset/Bendix's comparative social mobility experiment and its major conclusion
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the degree of which sons jobs were better than their fathers
(common happening) |
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Long-distance mobility
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individ./group rises higher.. ex. soccer mom to governer
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Blau/Duncan: How diff. in long distance mobility affect attitude about income diff.
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sons of manual labor get better/high paying jobs.. 1/4 may think the pay diff is OK.
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Status attainmnent model
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sons of higher status fathers got better ed..=higher status job
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Diff btwn upper/lower status ed.
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Family /c more $ = ed. kids better = advantages. May have same # of classes/diploma.. diff in quality of instuction/equipment/opportunities.
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Porter et al.'s status attainment experiment
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Added to Blau/Duncan with addx of women in workforce.
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Effect of having an older parent
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more emotionslly/economically stable/educated=fewer kids, more x /c kids, kids more educated
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Female status attainment
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in Canada, native born F were more successful than M
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Highbrow culture
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acquired tastes in art, lit, music, food, wine..=high class value
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cultural variety/network variety
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# of classes, status groups, jobs, cultures that are part of an indiv. social network
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Caste
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a social cat. in a stratification system in which membership depends on ascribed statuses and can't be chg'd /p birth
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Underclass
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long-term poor who lack training and skills
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horizontal mobility
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the mvmt of an indiv from one social class to another of the same rank(parallel mobility)
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human rights
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universal moral rightsthat belong to each human being regardless of class or status
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Intergenerational mobility
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chgs in the social position of children relative to their parents
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Intragenerational mobility
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chgs in a person's social position w/n their life-x that occur as a result of their own actions(not parents)
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Life chances
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a term coined by Max Weber indicating the opportunity for people to better their own circumstances
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Colonialism
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the relationship btwn countries in which 1 dominates the other and exploits the nat'l and human resources.
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Neocolonialism
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continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
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Fear and loathing of strangers
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a universal human trait.. an outsider considered enemy if diff in any way
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Intergroup conflict -vs- interacial conflict
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rich-middle class, Black- White, Protestants-Catholics
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Race
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a group of humans who share biological features that distinguish it from other people groups
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Ethnic groups
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those who share bonds of hx and culture
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Cultural pluralism -vs- intergroup conflict
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results from resolving intergroup conflict by accommodation = allows diverse cultures to exist w/n the dominant culture
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Extermination
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to get rid of an offending group (Nazi-Jews)
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expulsion
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drive a group away (Jews expelled from many nations)
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segregation
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limit or prohibit a groups contact /c another group
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assimilation
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give up distinctive culture and adopt that of the dominant culture
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accommodation
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accept the dominant culture while maintaining aspects of own culture
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Prejudice: Theories of "Why people become Prejudice"
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1. Theory of Authoritarian personality: oversocialized people accept only the norms and values of their group
2. Education/Income/Religious effects on prejudice: higher ed/income=less prejudice, very religious people prejudiced against other religions, but not race/ethnic groups. 3. Allport's contact theory: contacts btwn reduce prejudice and improves relations btwn groups |
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Sherif's study
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young boys in summer camp competed against cabins and formed prejudices even when friendly before..chg'd back /p being told to cooperate
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Myrdal's American dilemma
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description of the contradiction in American society which held democratic principles yet allowed racism
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Prejudice -vs- status inequallity
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eliminating status inequality and economic competition is key to reducing discrimination and prejudice. -9Liberson claims that fear of economic competition more than racial diff is the heart of interracial conflict btwn white/black.
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Marker
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noticeable diff btwn 2 or more groups that are associated /c status conflicts btwn groups (Catholics-Protestants in Ireland)
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4 factors that cause economic conflict/predujice
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1. very low standard of living
2. lack of info 3. lack of political power 4. economic motives of the subordinate racial/ethnic group |
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2 strategies used to provide cheap labor from a subordinate group
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1. exclusion- denied entry into tathe society to gain oher opportunities
2. caste system- way to limit the group and restrict them to certian low paying, low status, undesirable jobs |
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Cheap labor from a subordinate group
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1. cultual division of labor: racial/ethnic groups specialize in limited number of occupations (ex. in India lower caste members required to preform the least desirable work)
2. middleman minorities: racial/ethnic goups restriced to the middle level of stratification in occupation (ex. in the day..Jews tax collectors=pr /c peasants |
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How identifiability contributes to status conflicts
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usually more intense, can't be set apart by race/ethnic diffs..but if 1 race caused pr. = hated by other groups
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Mechanisms of ethnic and racial mobility
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geographic concentration: living in concentrated ethnic neighborhoods, mutual support continue cultural events, use native language, helped their own to survive
-investing in own ethnic communities -creating ethnic owned financial institutions -occupational specialization to train and support ea. other -development of a middle class |
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Enclave economy theory
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concentration of an ethnic group to make his community florish and give members opportuity/jobs
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How progress of subordinate groups lead to dev of the middle class
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when Jews/Cubans came to Am. they had own middle class and helped them/kids succeed
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3 distinct subgroups of Spanish-Americans
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Mexican/Puerto Rican/Cuban are culturaly distinct and wish to be Id. as such
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Hispanic-American subgroups
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How they differ- by country
Biligualism- limited English, but higher for those born here |
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con't Hispanic-American subgroups
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Immigration effects- Cuban have high status occupaton= better income than most Hisp. Puerto Rican = opposite.
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con't Hispanic-American subgroups
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ethnic mobility- high degree of geographic concentration(Cal, Tx, New Mex, Ar, Fl...)
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South-North immigration in America and its effect
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Mvmt of African-Americans from Miss to Chicago for defense jobs
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AA progression/integration in USA and comparison with other ethnic groups
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speaking English was a +..but less education
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Firebaugh/Davis: Decline of prejudice
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AA-declined '72-'84..due to attitudes/new gen. esp. in the south
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4 barriers to AA progress
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1. legacy of slavery severed connections /c culture of orgin
2. lack of homeland loses sense of id. with a specific nation 3. visual appearance=can't "pass" 4. numbers- strong=voting block, disadv.- too many for 1 job |
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Sex roles
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expections of proper behavior/activities of m/f.
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Gender power ratio
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estimates the relative power of women in societies considering #s in political office, mgmt, income
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Getentag/Secord's sex ration/sex roles theory
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more m = less for f
sex ratio- calculated in terms of number of m to 100 f |
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Guttentag/Secord's conflict theory
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at a macrolevel, a group(men) may seek to shape scial rules to their benefit
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4 structural power norms male have placed on females in dyadic relationships
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-virgin bride
-faithful -dedicated wife/mother -unsuited for leadership |
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Guttentag/Secord's sex role theory modern tests
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-sex ratios in USA: more F than M, more F for me to choose from
-women's mvmt/positions: in 1848 Stanton/Mott invited women to talk about social/civil and religious rights of women contradictory positions: no diff btwn M/F, women had superior moral nature to improve society |
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Feminism and 2 types of women who were part of the feminist mvmt
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feminism-(Cott-1987)opposition to all gender stratification, belief that women aren't biologically inferior to men and sense of common experience among women that motivates their efforts to make social chng.
2 types- women active in leftist politics/union organizations and F intellectuals/artists |
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How F entered USA workforce and were able to stay
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they filled positions vacated by men(WWII), still no = pay
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Factors promoting a gender wage gap
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F less in some professions and highly skilled labor jobs, moving d/t spouse job, babies,
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Understanding the numbers
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total workforce(M/F) -vs- F
ex. 165(total wf)(65F + 100M) = 65/165 x 100 or about 40% |
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"Tragic irony" of the sexual revolution
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less = more prs.
ex. less/comfortable clothing = unwanted attn. fromm men |
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Sex ratios and the Black family
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-more F than M
-low mortality d/t birth rate, accidents, violence, and drugs |
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Guttentag/Secord's predictions for the sexual norms in the Black culture
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-M less likely to marry d/t abundanc of F(sex) = baby momas
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Sex ratio in Hispanic-Am family
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PuRi/Cub Am. F > M, Mex M > F and higher birth rate(>M) + less likely to divorce than PuRi Am.
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