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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type.
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Observational bias
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Bias introduced when screening detects a disease earlier & thus lengthens the time from diagnosis to death.
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Lead-time bias
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If you want to know if race affects infant mortality rate but most of the variation in infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status is a ____.
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confounding variable
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The number of true positives divided by the number of patients w/ the disease is ____.
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sensitivity
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Sensitive tests have few false negatives & are used to rule ____ a disease.
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OUT
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PPD reactivity is used as a screening test because most people w/ TB (except those who are anergic) will have a (+)PPD. Highly sensistive or specific?
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highly SENSITIVE for TB
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Chronic diseases such as SLE -- higher prevalence or incidence?
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higher PREVALENCE
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Epidemics such as influenza -- higher prevalence or incidence?
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higher INCIDENCE
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Cross-sectional survey --incidence or prevalence?
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PREVALENCE
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Cohort study -- incidence or prevalence?
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incidence AND prevalence
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Case-control study -- incidence or prevalence?
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Neither
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Describe a test that consistently gives identical results, but the results are wrong.
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high reliability, low validity
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Difference between a cohort & a case-control study.
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COHORT studies can be used to calculate relative risk (RR), incidence, and/or odds ratio (OR).
CASE-CONTROL studies can be used to calculate (only?) an odds ratio (OR). |
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Attributable risk?
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[the incidence rate (IR) of a disease in exposed]
- [the IR of a disease UNexposed] |
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Relative risk?
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[the incidence ratio (IR) of a disease in a population exposed TO A PARTICULAR FACTOR] / [the IR of those not exposed]
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Odds ratio (OR)?
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The liklihood of a disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor compared to those who have NOT been exposed
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Number needed to treat (NNT)?
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1 / [rate in UNtreated - rate in treated group]
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In which patients do you initiate colorectal cancer screening early?
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Patients who have either ...
IBD FAP/HNPCC; 1st-degree relatives w/ adenomatous polyps (<60 y/o), or colorectal cancer |
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The most common cancer in men & the most common cause of death from cancer in men.
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PROSTATE cancer is the most common cancer in men, but LUNG cancer causes more (the most) deaths
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The percentage of cases within ONE standard deviation (SD) from the mean?
TWO SDs? THREE SDs? |
1 SD = 68.0%
2 SD = 95.5% 3 SD = 99.7% |
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Birth rate?
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Number of live births per 1000 population
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Fertility rate?
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Number of live births per 1000 WOMEN 15-44 YEARS OF AGE
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Mortality rate?
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Number of deaths per 1000 population
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NEONATAL mortality rate?
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Number of deaths from
*BIRTH - 28 DAYS* per 1000 LIVE births |
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POSTNATAL mortality rate?
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Number of deaths from
*28 DAYS - 1 YEAR* per 1000 LIVE births |
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INFANT mortality rate?
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Number of deaths from
*BIRTH - 1 YEAR* per 1000 LIVE births (neonatal mortality + postnatal mortality) |
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FETAL mortality rate?
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Number of deaths from
*20 WEEKS GESTATION - BIRTH* per 1000 TOTAL births |
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PERINATAL mortality rate?
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Number of deaths from
*20 WEEKS GESTATION - 1 MONTH OF LIFE* per 1000 TOTAL births |
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MATERNAL mortality rate?
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Number of deaths
*DURING PREGNANCY - 90 DAYS POSTPARTUM* per 1000 LIVE births |
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X (type) mortality rate = number of deaths from [A - B] timeframe per 1000 [LIVE, TOTAL] deaths
(neonatal, postnatal, infant, fetal, perinatal, maternal) |
NEONATAL: birth - 28 days (live)
POSTNATAL: 28 days - 1 year (live) INFANT: birth - 1 year (live) FETAL: 20 weeks' gestation - birth (total) PERINATAL: 20 weeks' gestation - 1 month of life (total) MATERNAL: during pregnancy - 90 days postpartum (live) |
