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355 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abdom pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
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Budd-Chiari syndrome
(posthepatic venous thrombosis) --looks like CHF, but will NOT have inc JVD! |
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achilles tendon xanthoma
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familial hypercholesterolemia
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adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen synd
(meningococcemia) |
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arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
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marfan's
(fibrillin defect) |
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back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
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Pott's dz
(vertebral TB) |
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big toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
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babinski's sign
(UMN lesion) |
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bilat hilar adenopathy, UVEITIS
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sarcoidosis
(noncaseating granulomas, "hot potato lung") |
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blue sclera
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osteogenesis imperfecta
(type I collagen defect) |
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bluish line on gingiva
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burton's line
(lead poisoning) |
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bone pain, bone enlargement (inc hat size), arthritis, inc fractures
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paget's dz of bone
(inc osteoblastic & osteoclastic activity, inc alk phos d/t bone breakdown) |
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cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas)
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neurofibromatosis type I
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cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), bilat acoustic neuromas
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neurofibromatosis type II
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calf pseudohypertrophy
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muscular dystrophy (MC = Duchenne's)
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"cherry-red spot" on macula
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- tay-sachs (ganglioside accum)
- niemann-pick (lysosomal storage dz) - CRAO |
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chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
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Dressler's synd
(autoimmune-med post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 wks after acute episode) |
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child uses arms to stand up from squat
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gower's sign
(Duchenne muscular dystrophy: XLR deleted dystrophin gene) |
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child w/fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body
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"slapped cheeks"
(erythema infectiosum/5th dz--parvovirus B19) |
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chorea, dementia, caudate degen
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huntington's dz
(AD CAG repeat expansion; also has dec ACh) |
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chronic exercise intolerance w/myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps
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McArdle's dz
(muscle phosphrylase def) |
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cold intolerance
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hypothyroidism
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conjugated lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
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intranuclear opthalmoplegia
(damage to MLF; bilat = MS; unilat = stroke) (paralysis of the ADducting eye, nystag of the other eye; ONLY on lateral gaze) |
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continuous "machinery" heart murmur
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PDA
(close w/indomethacin, open w/misoprostol/PGE) |
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cutaneous/dermal edema d/t CT deposition
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myxedema
(hypothyroidism, graves' dz) |
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dark purple skin/mouth nodules
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kaposi's sarcoma
(usu. AIDS pts, assoc w/HHV-8) |
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deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
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Kussmaul breathing
(diabetic ketoacidosis; blow off CO2 to inc pH) |
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dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
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pellagra
(vit B3 / niacin deficiency) |
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dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
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wet beriberi
(thiamine / vit B1 deficiency) (same as dry beriberi but +cardiomyopathy) |
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dog or cat bite resulting in infection
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Pasturella multocida
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dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
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Sjogren's synd
(autoimmune destrxn of exocrine glands) |
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dysphagia (esoph webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome
(may progress to esoph SCC) |
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elastic skin, hypermobility of joints
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
(collagen type 3 defect) |
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enlarged, hard, left supraclavicular node
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Virchow's node
(abdom metast, poor prog) |
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erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
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Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) OR mycosis fungoides
(not HY) |
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facial muscle spasm upon tapping
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Chvostek's sign
(hypocalcemia; also see Trousseau's sign) |
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fat, female, forty, & fertile
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acute cholelithiasis (gall stones in GB / bile duct blockage)
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fever, chills, HA, myalgia following antibiotic tx for syphilis
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Jarisch-Herxheimer rxn
(rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release) |
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fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza (allergy sxs), diffuse rash
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measles
(morbillivirus) |
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fever, night sweats, weight loss
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B symptoms
(lymphoma) |
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fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
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Peyronie's dz
(CT d/o; usu dorsum) |
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gout, MR, self-mutilating behavior in boy
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
(HGPRT deficiency, XLR) |
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green-yellow rings around periph cornea
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Kayser-Fleischer rings
(copper accum in Wilson's dz) |
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hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpig of mouth/feet/hands
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
(genetic benign polyposis, can cause bowel obstrxn; inc cancer risk) |
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HSM, osteoporosis, neuro sxs
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Gaucher's dz
(glucocerebrosidase def; "crinkled tissue paper cytoplasm") |
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hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
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alport's syndrome
(type IV collagen mut; "can't see, can't pee, can't hear") |
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hypercoagulability (l/t migrating DVT's & vasculitis)
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Trousseau's sign
(adenoCA of pancreas (typically) & lung; hypocalcemia) |
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hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
(bilat amygdala lesion) |
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HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
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Conn's syndrome
(primary hyperaldosteronism) |
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hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
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"blue bloater"
(chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells; inc REID index w/lots of mucous) |
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indurated, ulcerated genital lesion (nonpainful)
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chancre
(primary syphilis; Treponema pallidum) |
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infant w/failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration
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Niemann-Pick dz
(genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency) |
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infant w/hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly
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Cori's dz
(debranching enzyme deficiency) (also von Gierke's dz) |
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infant w/microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, & structural heart defect
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edward's syndrome
(trisomy 18) |
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jaundice, RUQ pain, fever
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Charcot's triad
(ascending cholangitis) |
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keratin pearls on a skin lesion
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SCC
(also see in other SCC's) |
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large rash w/bull's-eye appearance
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erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite
(Lyme dz, Borrelia) |
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lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
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epidural hematoma
(mid meningeal artery rupture) |
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male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
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Bruton's dz
(XL agammaglobulinemia) (B: Bruton's, B cells, Boys) |
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mucosal bleeding & prolonged bleeding time
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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
(defect in platelet agg d/t lack of GpIIb/IIIa) |
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multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth
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Gardner's syndrome
(genetic d/o, subtype of FAP; predisposes to colon cancer) (growin' all this stuff like a gardener...) |
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necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) & necrotizing glomerulonephritis
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Wegener's (c-ANCA+; vasculitis; soft palate necrosis)
or Goodpasture's (anti-BM abs; no soft palate necrosis) (hemoptysis + glomerular dz) |
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neonate w/arm paralysis following difficult birth
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Erb-Duchenne palsy
(superior trunk C5-C6 brachial plexus injury-"waiter's tip") |
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no lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
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Sheehan's syndrome
(d/t postpartum hemorrhage--> hTN --> dec BF --> pituitary infarct) |
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nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech
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Charcot's triad (of MS)
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oscillating slow/fast breathing
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
(central apnea in CHF or inc ICP) |
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painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
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cold agglutinin dz
(autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mono from EBV; agglut of IgM Ab's) |
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painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
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Raynaud's syndrome
(vasospasm in extremities) |
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painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
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Osler's node (infective endocarditis)
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painless jaundice
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cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
(l/t earlier dx of panc cancer) |
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palpable purpura, joint pain, abdom pain (child)
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura
(IgA vasculitis affecting skin & kidneys; LE rash, self limited) |
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pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
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Wermer's syndrome (MEN I)
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pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
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"pink puffer"
(emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [alpha1-antitrypsin def]) |
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polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature in a young girl
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McCune-Albright syndrome
(mosaic G-protein signaling mutation) |
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polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
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Fanconi's syndrome
(proximal tubular reabsorption defect) |
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positive anterior drawer sign
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anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
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ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
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Horner's syndrome
(symp chain lzn; MC w/pancoast tumor compression) (anhidrosis = can't sweat on face) |
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pupil accommodates but doesn't react
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Argyll Robertson pupil
(neurosyphilis) |
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Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/UR infection)
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
(autoimm acute inflam demyelinating polyneuropathy; no sensory loss) |
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rash on palms & soles
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2* syphilis, RMSF, & coxsackie A (foot in mouth dz)
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recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
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Job's syndrome
(hyper-IgE syndrome: PMN chemotaxis abnormality) |
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red "currant jelly" sputum
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
(intesucception = "currant jelly stool") (S. pneumo = "rusty" sputum) |
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red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
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Paget's dz of the breast
(represents underlying neoplasm) |
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red urine in the morning
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paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
(complement attacks RBC d/t defect in CD??) |
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renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
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von Hippel-Lindau dz
(dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation) |
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resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
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Parkinson's dz
(nigrostriatal DA depletion) |
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restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form: cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance
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Pompe's dz
(lysosomal glucosidase deficiency) |
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retinal hemorrhages w/pale centers
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Roth's spots
(bacterial endocarditis; also +splinter hems, osler's nodes) |
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severe jaundice in neonate
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome
(congen unconj hyperbilirubinemia; but can be other things too..) |
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severe RLQ pain w/rebound tenderness
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McBurney's sign
(appendicitis) |
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short stature, inc incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
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Fanconi's anemia
(inherited; often progresses to AML; not Fanconi's synd!) |
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single palm crease
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simian crease
(Down syndrome) |
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situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility
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Kartagener's syndrome
(dynein defect affecting cilia, cilia don't work) |
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skin hyperpigmentation
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Addison's dz
(1* adrenocort insuff d/t autoimm or infx; inc ACTH, MSH [melanocyte stim horm]--> inc pigmentation) |
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slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
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Becker's muscular dystrophy
(XL, defective dystrophin, less severe than Duchenne's) |
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small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa w/blue-white centers
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Koplik spots
(measles; other sxs: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis) |
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small, nontender, erythematous lesions on palms/soles
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Janeway lesions
(infective endocarditis) |
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smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
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condylomata lata
(secondary syphilis) |
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splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
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bacterial endocarditis
(can cause this, but not always) |
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"strawberry tongue"
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scarlet fever (see w/rash), kawasaki dz (not always just tongue, but +lip, etc), & toxic shock syndrome
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streak ovaries, congenital heart dz/coarctation of aorta, horseshoe kidney
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turner's syndrome
(XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema) |
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sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
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gout/podagra
(hyperuricemia<--can predispose, but not always w/inc urea) |
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swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
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scurvy
(vit C def: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synth) |
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swollen, hard, painful finger joints
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osteoarthritis
(osteophytes on PIP = bouchard's nodes; DIP = Heberden's nodes) |
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systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
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AV stenosis (PV too)
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thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal tumors
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Sipple's syndrome
(MEN 2A) |
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ulcerated genital lesion w/exudate (painful)
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chancroid
(Haemophilus ducreyi) |
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unilateral facial drooping
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bell's palsy
(LMN CN VII palsy; bilat would be lyme dz or guillan-b) |
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urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
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reiter's syndrome
(reactive arthritis assoc w/HLA-B27) (PAIR dzs--> seroneg spondyloarthropathies) |
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vascular birthmark (port wine stain)
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hemangioma
(benign, but a/w Sturge-Weber) (stays forever vs strawberry goes away) |
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vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis
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Schwartzman reaction
(following 2nd exposure to endotoxin) |
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vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome
(alcoholics & eating d/o's) |
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"waxy" casts w/very low urine flow
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chronic end-stage renal dz
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WBC casts in urine
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acute pyelonephritis
(cystitis --> bladder infx, no casts! just WBC's!) |
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weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
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Whipple's dz
(Tropheryma whippelii) |
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stary Wrocław
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starego Wrocławia
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anticentromere antibodies
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scleroderma (CREST)
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antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
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pemphigus vulgaris
(blistering) |
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anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
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goodpasture's syndrome
(glomerulonephritis & hemoptysis; no upper airway dz like w/weg's) |
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antihistone antibodies
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drug-induced SLE
(SHIPP--hydralazine, inh, phenytoin, procainamide) |
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anti-IgG ab's
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rheumatoid arthritis
(systemic inflam, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity) (IgM ab's for IgG) |
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antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA's)
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primary biliary cirrhosis
(female, cholestasis, portal HTN; need liver transplant) |
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antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA's)
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vasculitis:
- Wegener's = cANCA - microscopic polyangitis = pANCA - glomerulonephritis (pauci-immune crescentric) = pANCA - Churg-Strauss synd = pANCA |
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antinuclear antibodies (ANA's: anti-Smith & anti-dsDNA)
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SLE
(type III hypersensitivity; a lot of rheums are ANA+) |
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antiplatelet antibodies
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
(bleeding diathesis; spleen kills platelets; remove spleen) |
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anti-topoisomerase antibodies
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diffuse systemic scleroderma (not CREST!)
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anti-transglutaminase ab's
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Celiac dz
(diarrhea, distention, wt loss) (also antigliadin & anti-endomysial abs) |
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azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
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auer rods
(in AML, esp promyelocytic type) |
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"bamboo spine" on xray
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ankylosing spondylitis
(chronic inflam arthritis; l/t sacroilleitis; seroneg arthropathy, HLA-B27) |
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basophilic nuclear remnants in RBC's
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Howell-Jolly bodies
(d/t splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen) |
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basophilic stippling of RBC's
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lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
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bloody tap on LP
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
(MCC = ruptured berry aneurysm; 2nd MC = AV malf) |
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"boot-shaped" heart on xray
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tetrology of fallot, RVH
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branching gram-pos rods w/sulfur granules
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Actinomyces israelii
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bronchogenic apical lung tumor
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Pancoast's tumor
(can compress sympathetic gang & cause Horner's synd) |
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"brown" tumor of bone
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hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts; d/t:
- hyperparathyroidism (takes Ca2+ from bone, goes to blood) - osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's dz of bone) |
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cardiomegaly w/apical atrophy
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Chagas' dz
(Trypanosoma cruzi) (mega-esoph & mega-colon) |
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cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
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rapidly progressive crescentric glomerulonephritis
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"chocolate cyst" of ovary
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endometriosis
(freq involves both ovaries; MC location = ovary; also in peritoneum; "gun powder" pattern) |
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circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
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Homer Wright rosettes
(neuroblastoma [adrenal tumor], medulloblastoma, & Ewing's sarcoma; pseudo-rosettes are same??; diff from perivasc rosette/pseudorosette) |
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colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
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Cystic Fibrosis
(CFTR mut in Caucasians--> l/t fat soluble vit def & mucous plugs) |
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degeneration of dorsal column nerves
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tabes dorsalis
(tertiary syphilis) (lose proprioception info; +Romberg; don't know where limbs are) |
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depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
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Parkinson's dz
(basal ganglia d/o: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia) |
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desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
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Curschmann's spirals
(bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs) |
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disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
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Call-Exner bodies
(granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary) |
|
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dysplastic squamous cervical cells w/nuclear enlargement & hyperchromasia
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koilocytes
(HPV; types 16 & 18 predisp to cervical CA; perinuclear cytoplasmic clearing) |
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enlarged cells w/intranuclear inclusion bodies
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"owl's-eye" appearance of CMV
(cowdry type A inclusions) |
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eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cell
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mallory bodies
(alcoholic liver dz) |
|
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eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
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Lewy body
(Parkinson's dz, & a few others) |
|
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eosinophilic globule in liver
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councilman body
(viral hepatitis, often yellow fever) |
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eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
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rabies virus negri bodies
(Lyssavirus) |
|
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extracell amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
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senile plaques
(Alzheimer's dz) |
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giant B cells w/bilobed nuclei w/prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
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Reed-Sternberg cells
(Hodgkin's lymphoma) (owl's eye of protozoa = giardia) |
|
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glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
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Schiller-Duval bodies
(yolk sac tumor) |
|
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"hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on xray
|
beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
(BM expansion to gen inc RBC's) |
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hCG elev
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--choriocarcinoma
--hydatidiform mole (w/ & w/o embryo) (precursor for chorioCA) |
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heart nodules (inflammatory)
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Aschoff bodies
(pathomn for rheumatic fever) (focal myocardial inflam w/multi-nuc giant cells) |
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heterophile antibodies
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infectious mononucleosis
(EBV; inf B cells --> abnl IgM Ab's, dx w/sheep cells) |
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hexagonal, dbl-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
|
bronchial asthma
(Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules) |
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high lvl of D-dimers
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DVT, PE, DIC
(D-dimer = fibrin degrad product; Bud-Chiari--post-thrombotic) |
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"honeycomb lung" on xray
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interstitial fibrosis
|
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hypersegmented neutrophils
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megaloblastic anemia
(B12 or folate deficiency) |
|
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hypochromic, microcytic anemia
|
--iron def anemia
--lead poisoning --thalassemia --anemia of chronic dz (can be normocytic OR micro) (HbF sometimes present) |
|
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increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid / maternal serum
|
--anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
--abdom wall defects (gastrocesis & omphalocele) |
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increased uric acid levels
|
--gout
--Lesch-Nyhan --myeloproliferative d/o's --loop & thiazide diuretics (exacerbate gout) |
|
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intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
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Cowdry type A bodies
(HSV) |
|
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iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
|
ferruginous bodies
(asbestosis; inc risk mesothelioma & bronchiogenic CA) |
|
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large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunocompromised
|
Chediak-Higashi dz
(congen failure of phagolysosomal formation; may be albino) |
|
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low serum ceruloplasmin
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Wilson's dz
(copper accum; hepatolenticular degeneration) |
|
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"lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
|
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
(immune complex deposition of IgG & C3b) |
|
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lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on xray
|
multiple myeloma
(aka "swiss cheese") |
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mammary gland "blue-domed" cyst
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fibrocystic change of breast
(benign) |
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monoclonal antibody spike in serum
|
1) multiple myeloma (M protein; usu IgG or IgA)
2) monoclonal gammopathy of undeterm significance (MGUS; nml aging) 3) waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 4) primary amyloidosis (a bunch of plasma cells making exact same ab!) |
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monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine
|
--Bence Jones prots (multiple myeloma = kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine)
--waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM) (neither are detected as "protein" on U/A) |
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mucin-filled cell w/periph nucleus
|
signet ring
(gastric CA & lobular cell CA of breast; looks like a wedding ring) |
|
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narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
|
"string sign"
(Crohn's dz; so much inflam that lumen is small, transmural inflam) |
|
|
needle-shaped, negatively birefringenet crystals
|
gout
(hyperuricemia) |
|
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nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
(diabetic nephropathy) |
|
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"nutmeg" appearance of liver
|
chronic passive congestion of liver d/t RHF
(can also be d/t Bud-Chiari, which has no upper congestion, i.e. no inc JVP) |
|
|
"onion-skin" periosteal reaction
|
Ewing's sarcoma
(malig round-cell tumor of bone) |
|
|
periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
|
Codman's triangle on xray
(osteosarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis, ewing's) |
|
|
podocyte fusion on EM
|
minimal change dz
(child w/nephrotic synd; lose neg charge barrier in gloms) |
|
|
polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone @cartilage erosion
|
eburnation
(osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis; "bone-on-bone") |
|
|
protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
|
neurofibrillary tangles
(alzheimer's dz & CJD) |
|
|
pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement
|
glioblastoma multiforme
(tumor cells in "snake-like"/winding pattern) |
|
|
RBC casts in urine
|
acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
rectangular, crystal-like inclusions in Leydig cells
|
Reinke crystals
(Leydig cell tumor) |
|
|
renal epithelial casts in urine
|
acute toxic/viral nephrosis
|
|
|
rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
|
pseudogout
(calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate) |
|
|
rib notching
|
coarctation of the aorta
(d/t colat. circ that develops) |
|
|
sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histo)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
(t[8;14] c-myc activation, assoc w/EBV) |
|
|
silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
|
Pick bodies
(Pick's dz: progressive dementia, similar to Alz) |
|
|
small granulomatous lesion in lungs (can calcify)
|
Ghon focus
(primary TB, Mycobacterium bacilli) (secondary TB = cavitary lesion) |
|
|
small, round RBC inclusions
|
Heinz bodies
(denatured Hgb; see in G6PD def, a-thalassemia, chronic liver dz [but more likely target cells]) |
|
|
"soap-bubble" in femur/tibia on xray
|
giant cell tumor of bone
(generally benign) |
|
|
"spikes" on BM, "dome-like" endothelial deposits
|
membranous glomerulonephritis
(may progress to nephrotic syndrome) |
|
|
stacks of RBC's
|
Rouleaux formation
(high ESR: multiple myeloma) |
|
|
stippled vaginal epithelial cells
|
"clue cells"
(Gardnerella vaginalis; tx w/metronidazole) |
|
|
"tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
|
Birbeck granules
(histiocytosis X[not HY], eosinophilic granuloma) |
|
|
thrombi made of white/red layers
|
lines of zahn
(arterial thrombus, layers of plts/RBC's) |
|
|
"thumb sign" on lateral xray
|
epiglottitis
(Haemophilus influenzae type b) |
|
|
thyroid-like appearance of kidney
|
chronic bacterial pyelonephritis (colloid looking??)
|
|
|
"tram-track" appearance on LM
|
membranoproliferative glomerulnephritis
|
|
|
TG accum in liver cell vacuoles
|
fatty liver dz / hepatic steatosis
(alcoholic or metabolic syndrome) |
|
|
WBC's that look "smuged"
|
CLL
(almost always B cell; "fragile lymphocytes"; affects elderly) |
|
|
"wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM
|
lupus nephropathy
(thickening of BM) |
|
|
yellow CSF
|
xanthochromia
(2-3 day old SAH) |
|
|
actinic (solar) keratosis is MC a/w...
|
predisp lesion to SCC
(rough, sandpaper-like; tx w/5-FU) |
|
|
acute gastric ulcer a/w severe burns
|
Curling's ulcer
(↓↓plasma vol results in sloughing of gastric mucosa) |
|
|
acute gastric ulcer a/w CNS injury
|
Cushing's ulcer
(inc ICP stims vagal gastric secr --> l/t Cushing's triad: inc BP, dec HR) |
|
|
alternating areas of transmural inflammation & normal colon
|
Skip lesions
(Crohn's dz, autoimmune, in small bowel, "string sign" on xray) |
|
|
dissecting aneurysm is MC a/w...
|
HTN
|
|
|
aortic aneurysm, abdominal & descending aorta is MC a/w...
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
ascending aortic aneurysm is MC a/w...
|
--tertiary syphilis (aortic regurg)
--marfan's --maybe HTN |
|
|
atrophy of the mammillary bodies is MC a/w...
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy
(thiamine def causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia & confusion) (beriberi, wet = heart, dry = neuro) |
|
|
autosplenectomy (fibrosis & shrinkage) is MC a/w...
|
sickle cell anemia (HbS)
(more susceptible to SHIN/encaps orgs) |
|
|
MCC bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDU)
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
MCC osteomyelitis (IVDU)
|
--S. aureus
--pseudomonas |
|
|
MCC bacterial endocarditis (IVDU)
|
S. aureus (& S. epidermidis, pseudomonas)
|
|
|
bacteria a/w stomach cancer
|
H. pylori
|
|
|
MCC bacterial meningitis (adults & elderly)
|
--N. meningitidis
--S. pneumo(?) |
|
|
MCC bacterial meningitis (infants & kids)
|
--GBS/E. coli = newborns
--S. pneumo / N. meningitidis = kids |
|
|
benign melanocytic nevus
|
spitz nevus
(MC in 1st 2 decades) |
|
|
bleeding d/o w/GpIb deficiency
|
Bernard-Soulier dz
(defect in platelet adhesion to vWF) |
|
|
MC brain tumor (adults)
|
supratentorial:
Mets > astrocytoma (incl GBM) > Meningioma > Schwannoma ("MGM Studios") |
|
|
MC brain tumor (kids)
|
--MC infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) - 2nd MC overall
--MC supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum) 1st MC = astrocytoma |
|
|
MC breast cancer
|
invasive/infiltrating ductal carcinoma
(in U.S., 1:9 women will dev breast cancer) |
|
|
MCC breast mass
|
1. fibrocystic change
2. carcinoma (MC in postmenopausal) |
|
|
MC benign breast tumor
|
fibroadenoma
|
|
|
MCC nosocomial PNA
|
--klebsiella
--e. coli --pseudomonas (vent) --s. aureus (?) |
|
|
MC primary cardiac tumor (kids)
|
rhabdomyoma
(a/w tuberous sclerosis) |
|
|
MC cardiac manifestation of lupus
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
(nonbacterial, affecting MV) |
|
|
MC cardiac tumor (adults)
|
1. metastasis (MC)
2. 1* myxoma (4:1 LA>RA; "ball & valve") - MC 1* (syncopal eps) |
|
|
MC cardiomyopathy
|
dilated cardiomyopathy
(40% are familial) |
|
|
MCC cerebellar tonsillar herniation
|
Arnold-Chiari malformation
(often p/w type II hydrocephalus & a/w syringomyelia) |
|
|
MC chronic arrythmia
|
atrial fibrillation
(a/w high risk of emboli) |
|
|
chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) is a/w...
|
predisp to gastric CA
(can also cause pernicious anemia d/t loss of IF, essential to B12 absorp) |
|
|
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
|
DES exposure in utero
|
|
|
MC congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
21-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
|
MC congenital cardiac anomaly
|
VSD
|
|
|
congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
(inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile) |
|
|
MC constrictive pericarditis in developing world
|
TB
|
|
|
MC coronary artery involved in thrombosis
|
LAD > RCA > LCA
(LAD = ant wall MI; V2, V3, V4 ST seg elev) |
|
|
cretinism
|
d/t iodine deficit or hypothyroidism
(protruding tongue, pot belly, MR, short) |
|
|
MCC of Cushing's syndrome
|
1) corticosteroid therapy (exog, MCC)
2) excess ACTH secr by pit (Cushing's dz, 2nd MCC) |
|
|
causes of early cyanosis (less common)
|
--tetralogy of fallot
--transposition of great vessels --truncus arteriosus (bypass pulm circ) |
|
|
causes late cyanosis (more common)
|
VSD, ASD, PDA
(Eisenmeinger synd--> L-to-R becomes R-to-L) (squat to inc afterload, improves) |
|
|
MCCOD in CML
|
blast crisis
|
|
|
MCCOD in SLE
|
lupus nephropathy
(anti-dsDNA ab's) |
|
|
MC dementias
|
1) Alzheimer's dz
2) multiple infarcts (a/w carotid stenosis) |
|
|
MC demyelinating dz
|
MS
|
|
|
common causes of DIC
|
(STOP Making New Thrombi)
--gram-neg Sepsis --burn Trauma --Obstetric Problems --Malignancy --Nephrotic synd --Transfusion |
|
|
MC dietary deficit
|
iron
|
|
|
MC vitamin deficit
|
folate
|
|
|
diverticulum in pharynx
|
Zenker's diverticulum
(dx w/barium swallow) |
|
|
ejection click is heard in...
|
aortic/pulmonic stenosis
|
|
|
MC esophageal cancer
|
worldwide = SCC
US = adenoCA |
|
|
MC food poisoning
|
--S. aureus
--B. cereus |
|
|
MC gene involved in cancer
|
p53 tumor suppressor gene
|
|
|
MCC of glomerulonephritis (adults)
|
Berger's dz
(IgA nephropathy) |
|
|
MC gynecologic malignancy
|
endometrial CA (in US)
(cervical worldwide) |
|
|
MC heart murmur
|
MV prolapse (if there's mitral regurg)
|
|
|
MC heart valves involved in bacterial endocarditis
|
--MV (d/t rheumatic fever) = overall MC
--AV = 2nd MC d/t rheumatic fever --TV = MC in IVDU |
|
|
MC helminth infection(s) in U.S.
|
1) Enterobius vermicularis (scotch tape)
2) Ascaris lumbricoides (tx both w/-bendazoles) |
|
|
epidural hematoma
|
rupture of middle meningeal artery
(fast bleed; can cause uncal herniation; a/w temporal bone fx; lens shaped) |
|
|
subdural hematoma
|
rupture of bridging veins
(trauma; venous bleeding is slow--takes a few days) |
|
|
MCC of hemochromatosis
|
--multiple blood transfusions (sickle cell, severe thalassemia pts)
--hereditary HFE mut (too much iron; can l/t CHF & ↑ risk hepatocellular CA [↑aFP]) |
|
|
MCC hepatocellular carcinoma
|
cirrhotic liver
(often a/w hep B & C; ↑aFP) |
|
|
MC hereditary bleeding d/o
|
von Willebrand's dz
|
|
|
MC hereditary harmless jaundice
|
Gilbert's syndrome
(benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) (stress induced jaundice; usu incidental lab finding) |
|
|
a/w HLA-B27
|
"PAIR"
- Psoriatic arthritis - Ankylosing spondylitis - IBD arthritis - Reiter's syndrome |
|
|
a/w HLA-DR3 or -DR4
|
DM1 (MC), rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
|
|
|
causes of holosystolic murmur
|
--VSD
--tricuspid regurg --mitral regurg |
|
|
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
|
Virchow's triad
(results in venous thrombosis) |
|
|
cause of secondary HTN
|
renal disease
(d/t renal artery stenosis, chronic renal dz) (OR, if young female w/new onset HTN think OCP's) |
|
|
MCC hypoparathyroidism
|
thyroidectomy
(d/t messing it up in surgery; possibly have Chvostek's & Trousseau's) |
|
|
MCC hypopituitarism
|
pit adenoma
(usu benign) |
|
|
MCC infection in blood transfusion
|
hepatitis C
|
|
|
causes of kidney stones
|
1) calcium = radiopaque (MC)
2) struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-(+) orgs like Proteus vulgaris or Staph--UTI bugs) 3) uric acid = radiolucent |
|
|
late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L→R becomes R→L)
|
Eisenmenger's syndrome
(d/t ASD, VSD, PDA; l/t pulm HTN/polycythemia; R heart becomes hypertrophied & shunts to L) |
|
|
MC liver dz
|
alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
|
MC lysosomal storage dz
|
Gaucher's dz
(crinkled tissue paper cytoplasm) |
|
|
MC male cancer
|
prostatic carcinoma
(slow growing; tx w/flutamide) |
|
|
MC malignancy a/w noninfectious fever
|
Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
|
|
MCC malignant skin tumor
|
basal cell carcinoma
(rarely mets) |
|
|
MCC mental retardation
|
1) fetal alcohol
2) down's syndrome 3) fragile X |
|
|
MC mets to bone
|
"BLTT with a Pickle & Kool-aid"
- Brain - Lung - Thyroid - Testes - Prostate - Kidney |
|
|
MC mets to brain
|
"Lots of Bad Stuff Kill Glia"
- Lung - Breast - Skin (melanoma) - Kidney RCC) - GI |
|
|
MC mets to liver
|
"Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver"
--Colon --Stomach --Pancreatic --Breast --Lung |
|
|
MCC MV stenosis
|
rheumatic heart dz
|
|
|
mixed (UMN/LMN) motor neuron dz
|
ALS
|
|
|
MCC myocarditis
|
--coxsackie B
--echovirus (both also cause aseptic meningitis--> d/t swimming in pool; flu-like sxs; resolves on own) |
|
|
MC neoplasms in kids
|
1) ALL
2) astrocytoma (perivasc pseudorosettes) |
|
|
MCC nephrotic syndrome in adults
|
membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
MCC nephrotic syndrome (kids)
|
minimal change disease
(a/w infx/vax; tx w/corticosteroids) (podocyte fusion) |
|
|
MCC obstrxn of male urinary tract
|
BPH
(tx w/a-blocker + finasteride) |
|
|
MC opportunistic infx in AIDS
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
(<200; DOC = trim-sulfa) |
|
|
cause of opening snap
|
mitral stenosis
(diastolic murm, best in L lat. decubitis) |
|
|
MCC osteomyelitis
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
MCC osteomyelitis w/IVDU
|
--pseudomonas
--s. aureus |
|
|
MCC osteomyelitis w/sickle cell
|
salmonella
|
|
|
ovarian mets from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
|
Krukenberg tumor
(mucin-secreting signet-ring cells) |
|
|
MC benign ovarian tumor
|
serous cystadenoma
|
|
|
MC malignant ovarian tumor
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
MC pancreatic tumor
|
adenocarcinoma
(head of panc; painless jaundice) |
|
|
MCC acute pancreatitis
|
EtOH & gallstones
(next is ↑TG or hypercalcemia) |
|
|
MCC chronic pancreatitis
|
- EtOH (adults)
- cystic fibrosis (kids) |
|
|
common patient w/Hodgkin's disease
|
young male
(except nodular sclerosis type: female) |
|
|
MCC pelvic inflammatory disease
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis) OR Chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) is a/w...
|
CML
(bcr-abl) |
|
|
MC pituitary tumor
|
1) prolactinoma
2) somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma |
|
|
MCC primary amenorrhea
|
turner's syndrome
|
|
|
MCC secondary amenorrhea
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
MC primary bone tumor in adults
|
multiple myeloma
(but it's actually a tumor of plasma cells) |
|
|
MCC primary hyperaldosteronism
|
adenoma of adrenal cortex
(may ↑aldost &/or cortisol) |
|
|
MCC primary hyperparathyroidism
|
1) adenomas
2) hyperplasia 3) carcinoma (many ↑PTH-like peptide) (hypercalcemia) |
|
|
MC primary liver cancer
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
(aka hepatoma; a/w Hep B & C; ↑aFP) |
|
|
MCC pulmonary HTN
|
COPD
(a secondary pulm HTN) |
|
|
recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
|
Buerger's disease
(STRONG a/w tobacco; can cause Raynauds phenom) |
|
|
MC renal tumor(s)
|
- RCC (a/w von Hippel-Lindau & APCKD)
- paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin [polycythemia], renin [↑BP]; PTH [↑Ca]; ACTH [Cushing's]) |
|
|
right heart failure d/t a pulmonary cause
|
cor pulmonale
|
|
|
cause of S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
|
d/t ↑ ventric filling
(L→R shunt, MR, LVF [CHF]) (dilated LV) |
|
|
cause of S4 (presystolic gallop)
|
stiff/hypertrophic ventricle
(AS, restrictive cardiomyopathy, after MI; "atrial kick," "atrial gallop") |
|
|
MCC secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney dz
(can't make vit D→ ↓Ca → ↑PTH but ↓phos) |
|
|
MC STD
|
chlamydia
|
|
|
MCC SIADH
|
small cell lung carcinoma of the lung
(also seen w/a lot of brain pathology) |
|
|
MC site of diverticula
|
sigmoid colon
|
|
|
MC stomach cancer
|
adenocarcinoma
(if it goes to ovary→ Krukenberg) |
|
|
MC sites of atherosclerosis
|
abd aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
(causes: aneurysm / CAD / periph vasc dz / stroke, TIA's) |
|
|
stomach ulcerations & high gastrin levels
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
(gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) |
|
|
t(14;18)
|
follicular lymphomas
(bcl-2 activation) |
|
|
bcl-2
|
folicular lymphomas
|
|
|
t(8;14)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
(c-myc activation) |
|
|
c-myc
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
|
|
|
t(9;22)
|
philidelphia chromosome of CML
(bcr-abl hybrid) |
|
|
bcr-abl
|
CML
|
|
|
temporal arteritis
|
risk of ipsilat blindness d/t thrombosis of opthalmic artery
(↑ESR is a clue) |
|
|
MC testicular tumor
|
seminoma
|
|
|
MC thyroid cancer
|
papillary carcinoma
(orphan annie nuclei, psammoma bodies) |
|
|
MC tumor in women
|
leiomyoma
(estrogen dependent) |
|
|
MC tumor in infancy
|
hemangioma
(gets worse a few months after birth & then goes away by childhood; benign) |
|
|
MC tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
|
adrenal neuroblastoma
(malignant; a/w homer-wright rosettes/pseudorosettes) |
|
|
MC tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
|
pheochromocytoma
(usu benign) |
|
|
MC type of Hodgkin's
|
nodular sclerosis
(vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predom, lymphocytic depletion) |
|
|
MC type of non-Hodgkin's
|
diffuse large cell
|
|
|
MCC UTI
|
- E. coli
- Staph saprophyticus (young women) |
|
|
MCC viral encephalitis
|
HSV
(temporal lobe encephalitis) |
|
|
MC vitamin deficiency in US
|
folic acid
(preg women @high risk; body stores 3-4 month supply) |
|
|
t(11;22)
|
Ewing's sarcoma
|
|
|
"worst HA of life"
|
SAH
(MCC = berry aneurysm = a/w APCKD) |
|
|
athlete + polycythemia
|
erythropoietin injection
|
|
|
bounding pulses, diastolic murmur, head bobbing
|
aortic REGURG
|
|
|
anti-gliadin ab's
|
anti-transglutaminase ab's
Celiac dz (diarrhea, distention, wt loss) (also anti-transglutaminase & anti-endomysial abs) |
|
|
anti-endomysial ab's
|
Celiac dz
(diarrhea, distention, wt loss) (also anti-gliadin & anti-transglutaminase abs) |
|
|
inclusion body a/w yellow fever
|
councilman bodies
|
|
|
enlarged thyroid cells w/ground-glass nuclei
|
"orphan annie" eye nuclei
(papillary carcinoma of thyroid) |
|
|
causes of hepatocellular CA
|
--chronic hepatitis (usu hep B, C)
--cirrhosis --hemochromatosis --a1-antitrypsin |
