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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did sleep research begin? |
early and mid 20th century
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What did early sleep research study?
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Sleep Stages
Sleep disorders All night recording |
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When was polysomnography first used?
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1974
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What does "Poly" mean in polysomnography?
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recording of different parameters (many)
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What does "Somno" mean in polysomnography?
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relating to sleep
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What does "Graphy" mean in polysomnography?
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charting of parameters
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What is recorded during PSGs?
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-EEG (brain wave activity)
-EOG (eye movement) -EMG (muscle activity) -Airflow -Respiratory Activity (chest and abdomen) -EKG (Heart Rate and Rhythm) -SaO2- (Blood Oxygen Saturation) -CO2 (end tidal or transcutaneous CO2) |
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When was the Association for PSG Techs (APT) founded?
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1978
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When and where was the first narcolepsy clinic opened?
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1964 at Stanford University
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When does the Stanford clinic expand to include all sleep disorders?
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1970
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By 1975 how many other sleep disorders centers are operating?
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5
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When does Blue Cross/Shield of California begin reimbursing for sleep studies?
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1975
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What sleep center, and when, was the first accredited?
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Montifore Hospital in New York, 1977
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When was the first board exam for sleep medicine and what was it called?
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1978, Diplomate, America Board of Sleep Medicine
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When was the first sleep fellowship training established?
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1989
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What is the purpose of the AASM (American Association for Sleep Medicine)?
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-establish standard research, evaluation and treatment
-Professional: serves needs of members, centers, and labs -establish practice parameters -2 Journals: SLEEP, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |
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When was the "AASM Manual for Scoring Sleep" created?
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2007
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When was NREM sleep established
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1937
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Who developed the class system for brain wave activity?
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Alfred Lee Loomis
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What were the classifications Loomis created?
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-vertex waves
-spindles -K-complexes -Delta slowing -5 stages: A, B, C, D, E |
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When was Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Established?
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1953
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Who wrote the 1st paper describing REM sleep?
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Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman
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Who described the sleep cycle of NREM stages?
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William Dement and Nathaniel Kleitman
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How did Dement and Kleitman describe the sleep cycle of NREM?
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As stages of NREM of increased depths followed by periods of REM with cycles repeating
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What new class of stages did Dement and Kleitman propose?
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4 NREM and REM
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When the Rechtschaffen and Kales "Manual for Standardized Terms, Tech, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages for Human Subjects" created?
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1968, 1st manual for sleep and a research tool
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What is the average normal human sleep needed (young adults)
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7.5-8.5 hours
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What is the average normal sleep latency?
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10 minutes
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What is the average normal percent of time spent in Stage N1 sleep?
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2-5%
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What is the avg normal percent of time spent in Stage N2 sleep?
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45-55%
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What is the avg normal percent of time spent in Stage N3 sleep?
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13-22%
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What is the avg normal percent of time spent in REM sleep
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20-25%
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How is sleep normally entered?
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Through NREM
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On average, how often do episodes of NREM and REM sleep alternate?
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90-110 minutes
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In what part of the night is REM more prominent?
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2nd half of the night
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What are stages of NREM sleep?
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Stage N1
Stage N2 Stage N3 |
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What percentage does NREM sleep make up in the sleep of older children and adults?
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75-80%
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What are the characteristics of REM sleep?
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-20-25% of sleep
-4-6 discrete cycles through out the night -longer cycles across the night -longest cycle in last 1/3rd of the night -linked to circadian rhythms and body temp |
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What are the Physiological Variables of NREM sleep:
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-Heart Rate: Regular
-Respiratory Rate: Regular -Blood Pressure: Regular -Skeletal Muscle Tone: Preserved |
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What are the Physiological Variables of REM sleep?
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-Heart Rate: Irregular
-Respiratory Rate: Irregular -Blood Pressure: Irregular -Skeletal Muscle Tone: Absent |
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How are brain wave frequencies measured?
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Hertz (Hz): the number of waves or cycles per second
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What is the frequency (Hz) of alpha waves?
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8-13 Hz
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What is the frequency (Hz) of theta waves?
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4-7.9 Hz
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What is the frequency (Hz) of delta waves?
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0.5-3.9 Hz
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What is the frequency (Hz) of beta waves?
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>13Hz
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What are the characteristics and scoring criteria for Stage Wake?
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1) Alpha with eyes cloed over occipital region >50% of epoch
2) Without alpha -eye blinking 0.5-2Hz -Reading Eye Movements -Irregular conjugate eye movements associated with normal or high chin muscle tone |
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What are the characteristics and scoring criteria for Stage N1?
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-represents sleep onset
-may follow arousal from any stage -EEG- low voltage, mixed frequency, theta of 4-7 Hz ->50% of epoch -Slow eye movements -EMG- relatively elevated, may decrease from wake -2-5% of total sleep time (TST) |
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What are the characteristics and scoring criteria for Stage N2?
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-1 or more spindles (11-16Hz, >0.5 sec)
-K-complexes -low voltage mixed frequency background -no eye movement -EMG still relatively elevated -45-55% of TST |
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What are the characteristics and scoring criteria for Stage N3?
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-High amplitude (>75 microvolts) slow waves (0.5-2Hz)
-20% of epochs -spindles may persist -eye movements usually absent -EMG: lower than N2, may be equal to REM -13-22% of TST |
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What sleep disorders usually arise from Stage N3 (Slow Wave) sleep?
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sleep walking, sleep terrors, and confusional arousals.
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What are the characteristics and scoring criteria for Stage REM?
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EEG- low voltage mixed frequency
-may see saw tooth waves EMG- chin lower than any other stage, usually lowest level of recording -Phasic activity: short bursts of muscle activity during REMs -Tonic activity- periods of little muscle activity -20-25% of TST -4-6 cycles |
