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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why does anterior pituitary increase in size during pregnancy
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increase in lactotropes and progressive secretion which stimulates development of mammary glands (d/t release of prolactin)
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Progression of fertilized egg in uterine tube is delayed until what?
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progesterone rises in number and makes endometrium optimal
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What are the four main sources of hormones during pregnancy?
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Corpus Luteum
Blastocyst (trophoblast) Placenta Fetus |
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What do syncytiotrophoblast synthesize?
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creates hCG to maintain corpus luteum (stimulates leydig cells in male fetus)
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hCG levels do what in pregnancy...
a. in 2 days b. after 8 days? c. after 14 days |
a. doubled
b. detected in plasma c. detected in urine |
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hCG acts like what hormone during the first semester of pregnancy?
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LH to stimulate luteal cells and prevent abortion
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What general pathologic states show elevated levels of hCG?
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1. hydatidiform moles
2. choriocarcinoma 3. gestational trophoblastic tumors |
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Relative to where it should be during pregnancy, lower levels of hCG suggest?
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ectopic or threatened abortion
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Steroid hormone synthesis in the placenta starts with?
Where does it go to in fetus? |
chlesterold--> pregnenalone--> progesterone
Then in fetal adrenal gland pregnenalone turns into DHEAS or 16-OHDHEAS - progesterone from placenta can turn into cortisol or corticosterone |
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What are the three estrogens produced from the fetoplacental units?
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estriol
estradiol estrone |
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EStrogen's action on the mother during pregnancy?
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Female external genitalia
Uterus Ducts in breast Hormone-binding proteins |
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Importance of estriol?
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used to be used as marker if pregnancy was going well but more technology has replaced that now
- increases uteroplacental blood flow |
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Progesterone's actions during pregnancy on the mother?
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1. preparation of endometrium continued
2. maintains endometrium 3. inhibits uterine contractions 4. stimulates breast development- development of lobules and proliferaion of alveoli |
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Within the glucocorticoid synthesis what is the progesterone's role
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placentally produced progesterone is converted by fetal adrenals to cortisol and corticosterone
- this allows surfactants to be developed |
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hCS (human chorionic somatomammotriopin) is made by what?
Does what? |
made by syncytiotrophoblast
- functions as weak growth hormone action stimulates maternal lipolysis exerts anti-insulin actions |
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Describe how a change in progesterone receptor activity could be a possible stimuli for labor?
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Changes in progesterone receptor activity with increased glucocorticoid conc'n which: elevates the activity of: prostaglandin, oxytocin and contractions reflexly stimulate stronger contractions
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WHAT three hormones are synergistic in breast develpment but which of those block lactation?
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estrogen, progesterone and prolactin
but estrogen, progesterone block lactation - the source of E and P during delivery is removed |
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Fertilization most commonly occurs in where?
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upper end of the fallopian tube (ampulla)
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What is the action of oxytocin?
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milk- ejection (let-down) reflex- stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells
- may also stimulate contraction of uterus at delivery |
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What colostrum?
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first "milk" that comes out of the mammary gland first days after delivering, source of important nutrients and vitamins which are essential for baby's immunity
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Maternal changes in blood during pregnancy?
What common and benign murmurs heard during pregnancy? (pathologic ones)? |
changes in Hct and blood volume
- plasma increases faster than RBCs initially, blood volume increasese 30-40% - late systolic and ejection - more pathologic= diastole |
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Describe the respiratory/pulmonary changes in pregos...
a. total ventilation b. pCO2 c. source of respiration d. dead space, tital volume and inspiratory capacity |
a. increases 30-40%
b. decreases from pre-pregnancy c. respiration is more diaphragmatic d. Dead space, tidal volume and Inspiratory Capacity increase |
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Mother needs more what during pregnancy for RBCs?
Iron deficient mother leads to...? |
more iron need addition gram
a. iron-defcient anemia b. .preterm labor c. late- spontaneous abortion |
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What facilitates calcium transfer across the placenta?
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PTH-rP
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