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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the greatest expansion of Rome take place?
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Early 400 BCE to 265 BCE
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What did Rome control by the 400's?
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Almost all of Italy
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Who were the people of Carthage? What were the called?
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Descendants of Carthage and they were called Punici by the Romans.
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What happens by 390BCE?
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Gaul invades Rome and territory in Italy. Gaul was less civilized and were barbaric.
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What did Gaul do to Rome?
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The raided and destroyed it.
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What did the Romans offer to Gaul?
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They offered them gold to leave them alone.
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What were the affects of the Gallic invasion?
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1. Servian wall to protect Rome from future invasions.
2. Reorganization of Roman legions 3. Government gives citizens incentives to help rebuild the city by offering money and land if they rebuild within a year. |
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What was the Roman army organized into? How many men?
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6,000 men organized into legions. The legions were organized into separate units of 60-120 men called sentries.
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What is a legionare?
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A Roman soldier.
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What was the incentive to join the Roman army?
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it was to be granted citizenship
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What happened in 282 BCE?
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Rome faces a new threat from greeks
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what happened in 280 BCE?
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Pyrrus who was a commander for western greece starts to attack Rome
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What was the issue of the first Punic war?
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the clash over Sicily
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What did Greece and Carthage both have?
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colonies throughout the Mediteranean sea
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Where does Carthage send their ships?
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into the straight of Messina
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What did Carthage have?
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Naval strength
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What did Rome have
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Military strength, war was fought at see
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What did Rome get when they won?
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control of Sicily and a part of mediteranean sea trade
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What did Hamilcar Barca and Lutatious Catalus do?
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They negotiate a peace treaty
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What does reparations mean?
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to repair and fix what you did wrong and pay
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What were the peace terms of Punic War #1?
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3200 Chests of Silver over 10 years, give up Sicily completely, return all Roman prisoners of war, no Carthaginian ships could enter Roman controlled waters, Carthage could not take control of any Roman ally city or state
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Punic War #2
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Rome provoked Carthage into breaking terms of peace, Carthage abandons posts in Corsica and Sardenia when Rome overtakes them and instead focusses all attention on Spain, they take over a city (Saguntum) - Roman ally.
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What did taking over Saguntum mean to the Romans?
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Violation of peace terms
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Why does Rome mobilize two armies?
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One to attack Carthage in North Africa and one to go to Gaul and attack them in Spain.
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What does Hannibal plan to do first?
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He plans to attack Rome. 40,000 infantry, 6,000 calvary, and 37 elephants. There was no possibility to attack by sea and he plans to cross Alps.
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Who were the commanding generals?
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Hannibal from Carthage and Scipio from Rome.
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What was the decisive battle?
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202 BCE - The Battle of Zamma - Carthage loses
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What were the peace terms of The Battle of Zamma?
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They have to pay more money and give up Spain completely, have to give up all of their war ships to Rome, couldn't make new ships, Hannibal cannot live in Carthage because he might start an uprise
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What was Hannibal doing?
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Hannibal was on the run but eventually poisons himself instead of being taken captive (someone told the Romans where he was).
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Punic War #3
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149-146 BCE - Many Romans want Carthage gone, Senator Cato urged the Roman senate to destroy Carthage once and for all, Rome burns down Carthage and salts fields so no crops will grow again
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What is the scorched earth policy?
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Rome salted all fields so no crops could grow again.
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What does Rome gain after winning the third Punic War?
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Complete control of West Mediterranean Sea. Macedonia, Greece, Gaul, Spain, and islands around Italy.
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What is a tribute?
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Forced payments of grain from conquered nations.
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What does tributes lead to?
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A surplus of grain. Supplies should always be less than demand.
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legion
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military formation of ancient Rome made up of about 6,000 soldiers
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tribute
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payment conquered areas were forced to make to the conquering state
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latifundia
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Vast estate in ancient Rome
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imperator
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In ancient Rome, commander in chief of the Roman armies
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devalue
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to lower the value of items, such as coins
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inflation
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economic cycle in which the increase in money supply results in an increase in prices
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legion
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military formation of ancient Rome made up of about 6,000 soldiers
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tribute
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payment conquered areas were forced to make to the conquering state
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latifundia
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Vast estate in ancient Rome
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legion
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military formation of ancient Rome made up of about 6,000 soldiers
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imperator
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In ancient Rome, commander in chief of the Roman armies
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devalue
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to lower the value of items, such as coins
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tribute
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payment conquered areas were forced to make to the conquering state
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legion
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military formation of ancient Rome made up of about 6,000 soldiers
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latifundia
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Vast estate in ancient Rome
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inflation
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economic cycle in which the increase in money supply results in an increase in prices
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imperator
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In ancient Rome, commander in chief of the Roman armies
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devalue
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to lower the value of items, such as coins
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tribute
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payment conquered areas were forced to make to the conquering state
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inflation
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economic cycle in which the increase in money supply results in an increase in prices
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latifundia
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Vast estate in ancient Rome
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imperator
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In ancient Rome, commander in chief of the Roman armies
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devalue
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to lower the value of items, such as coins
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inflation
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economic cycle in which the increase in money supply results in an increase in prices
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What is the scorched earth policy?
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Rome salted all fields so no crops could grow again.
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What were the peace terms of Punic War #1?
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3200 Chests of Silver over 10 years, give up Sicily completely, return all Roman prisoners of war, no Carthaginian ships could enter Roman controlled waters, Carthage could not take control of any Roman ally city or state
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Punic War #2
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Rome provoked Carthage into breaking terms of peace, Carthage abandons posts in Corsica and Sardenia when Rome overtakes them and instead focusses all attention on Spain, they take over a city (Saguntum) - Roman ally.
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What does Rome gain after winning the third Punic War?
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Complete control of West Mediterranean Sea. Macedonia, Greece, Gaul, Spain, and islands around Italy.
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What did taking over Saguntum mean to the Romans?
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Violation of peace terms
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What is a tribute?
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Forced payments of grain from conquered nations.
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Why does Rome mobilize two armies?
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One to attack Carthage in North Africa and one to go to Gaul and attack them in Spain.
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What does tributes lead to?
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A surplus of grain. Supplies should always be less than demand.
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What does Hannibal plan to do first?
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He plans to attack Rome. 40,000 infantry, 6,000 calvary, and 37 elephants. There was no possibility to attack by sea and he plans to cross Alps.
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Who were the commanding generals?
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Hannibal from Carthage and Scipio from Rome.
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What was the decisive battle?
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202 BCE - The Battle of Zamma - Carthage loses
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What were the peace terms of The Battle of Zamma?
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They have to pay more money and give up Spain completely, have to give up all of their war ships to Rome, couldn't make new ships, Hannibal cannot live in Carthage because he might start an uprise
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What was Hannibal doing?
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Hannibal was on the run but eventually poisons himself instead of being taken captain (someone told the Romans where he was).
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Punic War #3
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149-146 BCE - Many Romans want Carthage gone, Senator Cato urged the Roman senate to destroy Carthage once and for all, Rome burns down Carthage and salts fields so no crops will grow again
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What does the issue of farmers not being able to work on Latifundia's and to not be eligible for the army do?
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unemployment, homelessness, revolts, violence and disease
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What does consul Gauis Marcus propose?
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Solution= many farmers become soldiers= armies grew stronger and generals were more powerful
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Who were the two tribunes that try to fight for farmers rights?
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two brothers by the name of Tiberius and Gauis Gracchus
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What do Tiberius and Gauis Gracchus propose?
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They put a limit on how large a Latifundia can be. They will have a lot of extra land now. They will give it to the government. Rome will give out sections of the Gov't owned land to poor farmers and homeless people. And they made sure that soldiers that come back from war get something for their efforts. Senators would reject this because they wouldn't be gaining anything out of it. Some Senators agreed.
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What does general Gauis Marius promise?
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He promises new soldiers (who enlist), land as payment for their military service. Senate rejects his offer, so soldiers revolt
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What does generals having a lot of power do?
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now they can take over the government by force (coup detat)
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What happens when the generals fight each other for power?
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violence, anarchy= civil war
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Who fought in the war?
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Gauis Marius VS. Lucius Cornellius Sulla. (Sulla was appointed as a temporary dictator. he will later be named as a consul.
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What does Sulla do?
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Gives out senate positions to wealthy friends. (wealthy Plebeians)= He thinks this will prevent Plebeian war.He makes it a law that a person needs to serve in a lower position before being awarded a higher position. He created term limits for all political offices= could only serve another term in the same office after 10 years.
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What practice does Sulla begin?
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Proscription which means blacklisting. he mad lists of anyone in Rome whom he considered to be a threat to his power. He called certain people "enemies of the Republic" wanted to blacklist Julius Caesar
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During their revolt where do Spartacus and his army make their base?
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On top of MT. Vesuvius
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What were the results of the slave revolt?
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owners of the latifundia's realize that by relying only on slave labor you are vulnerable to revolts. This leads to the using of poor farmers as tenant farmers.
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what were tenant farmers?
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Give them 1/3 of the profits of the crops they work on. (eventually they will save up and be able to buy land on their own)
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Who was julius Caesar?
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born to a very powerful family in Rome. (patricians). He was being trained and educated for a career in politcs.
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What happened to him during the rule of Sulla?
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Afraid of blacklisting his family sent him to Greece to study Public speaking.
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Who was Julius Caesars mentor?
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Crassus
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Who was pompey?
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he was a brilliant and succesful general who was very popular in the Roman senate at the time. he will appointed to serve with Crassus as consul. Pompey and Caesar become political rivals.
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What do Crassus and Pompey offer Caesar?
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1/3 of the consulship (so now there will be three consuls instead of two) As consul Caesar ended up doing what he wanted
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What was the joke of the Consul in 60 BCE?
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It was called the Consul of Julius and of Caesar because he did everything
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Why does Caesar go to fight off the Gauls?
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Because he wanted to be a military hero just like Pompey.
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What were Craccus, Pompey and caesar?
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The first triumverate's= First time three people led at same time
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Why were the conservatives in the Senate anti-Caesar?
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Because they thought he burned down the building of the senate
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What was the Roman policy?
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That when a general was out in a province fighting for Rome he was not allowed to come back with the senates permission. Caesar requests permission to return and Pompey says no because they are rivals
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What does Caesar do?
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Caesar defies the senate orders and crosses Rubicon
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What did Caesars actions lead to?
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His decision was a bold one, he was declaring war against the senate
As far as the people of Rome were concerned, Caesar could do no wrong so it was easy for him to gain control |
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What happens when Pompey dies?
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Caesar is declared dictator of rome and then he declares himself dictator for life
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What does Caesar show little regard for?
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Constitution/and he takes complete control over the armies an senate
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What did caesar sit in at the senator meetings?
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A chair layered with gold.
He refused to stand while talking while addressing the senate and that was their custom. The coins were minted with his image. Ivory statue of Caesar carried in processions through Rome. |
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What do cassius and Brutus say in Shakespeares famous play Julius Caesar?
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Cassius= "This man has now become a god"
Brutus= "I fear they choose Caesar as a king" Brutus= "How that might change his nature?" |
