Romantic Period

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Nationalism

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Association with one's country

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Exoticism

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Drawing from foreign lands

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Program Music

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Instrumental music associated with a story poem idea or scene

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Program

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The non musical element of a work

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Chromatic Harmony

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Uses chords containing tones not found in major or minor scale.

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Rubato

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Slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo

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Thematic Transformation

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A Melody returns in a later movement or section of a romantic work its characters may be transformed by changes in Dynamics orchestration or rhythm

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Postlude

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A piano section played at the end to sum up a piece

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Absolute Music

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Music that is not intended for a program

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Idée Fixe

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Fixed idea meant to represent the Beloved

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Pentatonic Scale

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5 note scale often found in folk music

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Leitmotif

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Short musical idea associated with a person and object or a thought in the drama

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Concerto

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musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra

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Art Song

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a song written to be sung in recital, typically with piano accompaniment and often set to a poem

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Song Cycle

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group, or cycle, of individually complete songs designed to be performed in a sequence as a unit

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Nocturne

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musical composition that is inspired by, or evocative of, the night

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Étude

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short musical composition, typically for one instrument, designed as an exercise to improve the technique or demonstrate the skill of the player

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Polonaise

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a slow dance of Polish origin in triple time, consisting chiefly of an intricate march or procession

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Symphonic Poem

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tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source

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Program Symohony

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multi-movement composition with extra-musical content that directs the attention of the listener to a literary or pictoral association.

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Concert Overture

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a piece of music in the style of an overture but intended for independent performance.

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Incidental Music

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music used in a film or play as a background to create or enhance a particular atmosphere

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Franz Schubert

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Austrian composer. Schubert died before his 32nd birthday, but was extremely prolific during his lifetime.

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Robert Schumann

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Robert Schumann was a German composer and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist

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Frédéric Chopin

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Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for the solo piano

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Franz Liszt

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Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, and Franciscan tertiary.

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Felix Mendelssohn

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German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period

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Hector Berlioz

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French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts. Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation

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Bedřich Smetana

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Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style which became closely identified with his country's aspirations to independent statehood.

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Antonin Dvořák

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Czech composer. After Bedřich Smetana, he was the second Czech composer to achieve worldwide recognition.

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Peter Llyich Tchaikovsky

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Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire.

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Johannes Brahms

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German composer and pianist. Born in Hamburg into a Lutheran family, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria

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Giuseppe Verdi

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Italian opera composer. Verdi was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron.

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Giacomo Puccini

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Italian opera composer who has been called "the greatest composer of Italian opera after Verdi". Puccini's early work was rooted in traditional late-19th-century romantic

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Richard Wagner

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German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas. Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works.