Roman Republic

Front 1

Achievements of the Etrustcans

Back 1

lived in north central Italy, Tuscany named after them, influenced the Romans with togas, buildings, city designs, and the alphabet which was also from the Greeks, they were the last 2-3 kings Rome had between 753-509 BC

Front 2

Geography of the Roman settlement

Back 2

huge part of how the state developed, in Mediterranean, land was more fertile than Greeks, Rome was all farmland in the Po Valley, the Appenine Mountains run through the middle but is not as rugged as Greece, Romans settled in Latium which was on the western coastland

Front 3

Patricians

Back 3

noble class from birth, have privilege, office and money and power in early Rome

Front 4

Plebians

Back 4

commoners, average people, no special privileges

Front 5

Struggle of the Orders

Back 5

wanted equality with patricians, 494 BC they retreated to Auentine Hill to form their own civilization but patricians needed them for army and labor so they came up with a compromise, the Law of the Twelve Tables, Conciliun plebs, Triubune, Intermarriage and Counsel gained

Front 6

The Law of the Twelve Tables

Back 6

450 BC, written law code, everyone had to abide by laws

Front 7

Conciliun Plebs

Back 7

471 BC, the plebs own legistlative assembly, only Plebs, passed binding laws on EVERYONE instead of just plebs

Front 8

Tribune

Back 8

spokesperson for Conciliun plebs, started with two then later expanded to ten, stood up for pleb rights to make sure there was no more oppression

Front 9

Intermarriage

Back 9

445 BC, said plebs and patricians couldn't marry, was overruled, blended the classes together

Front 10

Counsel

Back 10

367 BC, plebs could run for counsel, still usually patricians, not many plebs chosen. 342 BC, one counsel had to be plebian, class distinguish on paper is disappearing

Front 11

Imperium

Back 11

the right to rule and be in charge of your own country

Front 12

2 Counsels Term

Back 12

1 year terms, usually went into Senate after, counsels were controlled by the Senate

Front 13

Latifundia

Back 13

plantation made by rich Senators who bought up poor farmers' farms after they returned from war and couldn't pay for the upkeep, slaves would do the work

Front 14

Comitia Tributa

Back 14

all male assembly organized by tribe, voted on laws, Senate decided which laws would be proposed, had some power with electing officials

Front 15

Function of the Senate

Back 15

300 members of noble birth, decided policy, goal to advised King but exercised more authority, gained more power as time went on

Front 16

Dictator

Back 16

6 month terms to fix things in times of chaos

Front 17

Carthaginians

Back 17

neighbored Rome in Sicily, fought two Punic wars with them over land and revenge, but lost both

Front 18

Punic Wars

Back 18

against Carthage, with Hamilton Barca and Hamlicar Barca,

Front 19

Scipio Africanus

Back 19

Roman general at the Battle of Zuma, defeated Hannibal Barca during the Second Punic War

Front 20

Battle of Cannae

Back 20

216 BC, Quintus Fabius Maximus is out, Carthage met Rome in Cannae, Carthage used encirclement pincer method to enclose Rome after the illusional attack at the middle being the weakest, Rome was caught and couldn't move, 40,000 Romans were killed captured or wounded, lost 80% of their ability to fight, worst defeat in Rome's history

Front 21

Why Roman expansion?

Back 21

they fought off threats from neighbors, declared war before any threats could be carried out, gained land through war

Front 22

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

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brothers that were both elected tribunes at different times (t @ 133BC and g @123 and 122BC), populares, both assassinated

Front 23

Tiberius Reforms

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133 BC, 1) nobody could own 500+ acres of land 2)land should be redistributed to poor

Front 24

Gaius Reforms

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123-122BC, 1) in times of famine, grain sold to poor at 1/2 price 2) public works to put poor people to work

Front 25

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

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90 BC, powerful general liked by Senate, chosen to fight in Greece, restored Senate to all of its power

Front 26

vulgus

Back 26

the lower classes of the city

Front 27

Results of Gaius Marius' reforms

Back 27

1. senate begins to fear him, vulgus like him 2. powerful generals didn't need Senate anymore 3. set a trend for the rest of the republic

Front 28

Consuls

Back 28

one of the chief executive officers of the Roman Republic, two were chosen every year to run the government and lead the army into battle

Front 29

Praetor

Back 29

one of the chief executives of the Roman Republic, in charge of the civil laws (laws that applied to Roman citizens)

Front 30

Gaius Marius

Back 30

general who gained fame in North Africa against barbarians and germans, elected council 5 times in a row, senate liked him until he became s popular, changed the way the army was recruited (recruited from vulgus)

Front 31

Pietas

Back 31

piety, subject to higher forces

Front 32

Gravitas

Back 32

maintain seriousness at all times

Front 33

Dignitas

Back 33

dignity, maintain self respect

Front 34

Officium

Back 34

always do your assigned duty

Front 35

Fides

Back 35

fidelity, always stay true to your word

Front 36

"Carthago delenda est"

Back 36

how a Roman politician named Cato ended every speech with, means "and I think Carthage must be destroyed"