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1419 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A balneis (LA)
|
in charge of baths.
|
|
A copiis militaribus (LA)
|
'in charge of military supplies'; imperial secretary responsible for military expenses.
|
|
A rationibus (LA)
|
'in charge of accounts'; imperial secretary responsible for the treasury.
|
|
A rationibus castrensis (LA)
|
camp accounting secretary'; offical responsible for accounting supplies and provisions.
|
|
Ab actis (LA)
|
'in charge of acts'; clerk.
|
|
Ab epistulis (LA)
|
ín charge of letters'; imperial secretary responsible for military promotions.
|
|
Absentia rei publicae causa (LA)
|
absence on behalf of the state; military service meant that most types of legal action against a soldier were frozen untill his discharge.
|
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Accensus (LA)
|
'reservist'; light legionary infantry soldier.
|
|
Acceptarius (LA)
|
discharged soldier.
|
|
Acceptum (LA)
|
amount received by soldier after deductions from his pay.
|
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Acies (LA)
|
battle line.
|
|
Acies duplex (LA)
|
double battle lines.
|
|
Acies triplex (LA)
|
triple battle lines.
|
|
Aclis (LA)
|
javelin.
|
|
Actarius (LA)
|
clerk.
|
|
Ad pila et spathas (LA)
|
close quarter combat.
|
|
Ad signa (LA)
|
'with the standards'; present with unit.
|
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Ad stercus (LA)
|
latrine fatigue duty.
|
|
Ad triarios redisse (LA)
|
'to fall back on the triarii (LA)'; to have reached a desperate situation.
|
|
Adaeratio (LA)
|
recruitment tax.
|
|
Adcrescens (LA)
|
adolescent; soldier's offspring that would follow in the hereditary military service of the fourth century AD and received rations before taking up actual service.
|
|
Adiutor (LA)
|
assistant; batman.
|
|
Adiutor librarii (LA)
|
assistant clerk.
|
|
Adiutor praetorii (LA)
|
headquarter's adjutant.
|
|
Adiutor signorum (LA)
|
assistant of the standards.
|
|
Adiutrix (LA)
|
'supporter'; title borne by two legions raised from naval soldiers.
|
|
Adlectus (LA)
|
picked or transferred soldier.
|
|
Adlocutio (LA)
|
formal speech.
|
|
Adstatus (LA)
|
variant spelling of hastatus (LA).
|
|
Aedes (LA)
|
sanctuary in the HQ where the standards were stored and a likeness of the emperor was kept.
|
|
Aenator (LA)
|
military musician.
|
|
Aerarium (LA)
|
treasury; pay chest.
|
|
Aerarium militare (LA)
|
military pension fund.
|
|
Aestiva (LA)
|
summer campaigning camp.
|
|
Aetos (GR)
|
eagle standard.
|
|
Agens in rebus (LA)
|
late Roman intelligence operative.
|
|
Ager publicus (LA)
|
'public land'; confiscated land belonging to the Roman state.
|
|
Agger (LA)
|
(1) earth wall; (2) assault ramp.
|
|
Agmen (LA)
|
column.
|
|
Agmen quadratum (LA)
|
square marching formation.
|
|
Agrimensor (LA)
|
surveyor.
|
|
Aichmè (GR)
|
spear; javelin.
|
|
Akontistès (GR)
|
javelineer; light infantryman.
|
|
Ala (LA)
|
'wing'; (1) unit of the allies; (2) unit of auxiliary cavalry.
|
|
Ala dromedaria (LA)
|
cavalry unit with attached camel riders.
|
|
Ala milliaria (LA)
|
auxiliary cavalry unit with an establishment strength of some thousand men.
|
|
Ala quingenaria (LA)
|
auxiliary cavalry unit with an establishment strength of some five hundred troopers.
|
|
Ala sociorum (LA)
|
unit of several thousand soldiers drawn from the socii (LA) or allies.
|
|
Alaris (LA)
|
'wingman'; soldier serving in ala (LA).
|
|
Alaudae (LA)
|
'crested larks'; cognomen (LA) for the legio (LA) V originally raised by Caesar as a legio vernacula (LA).
|
|
Album veteranorum (LA)
|
list of veterans.
|
|
Allagè (GR)
|
relief of duty.
|
|
Allectus (LA)
|
chosen man; elite soldier.
|
|
Ambulatio (LA)
|
marching exercise.
|
|
Ambulatura (LA)
|
marching exercise.
|
|
Amentum (LA)
|
thong attached to a throwing spear to increase range and accuracy.
|
|
Angareia (GR)
|
requisition of transport.
|
|
Angaria (LA)
|
requisitioning of transport.
|
|
Angusticlavius (LA)
|
decorated with thin purple stripe.
|
|
Angusticlavus (LA)
|
thin purple stripe on tunic indicating membership of the equestrian order.
|
|
Ankoon (GR)
|
catapult arm.
|
|
Annona (LA)
|
(1) provisions; (2) tax in kind.
|
|
Annona foederatica (LA)
|
subsidy given to allies.
|
|
Annona militaris (LA)
|
'military ration'
|
|
Antecursor (LA)
|
'front runner'; advanced skirmisher.
|
|
Antepilanus (LA)
|
'in front of the spearbearers'; soldier stationed in first or second battle line.
|
|
Antesignanis (GR)
|
elite legionary.
|
|
Antesignanus (LA)
|
soldier fighting in front of the standards; elite legionary foot soldier capable of fighting as both heavy and light infantry.
|
|
Anularium (LA)
|
money grant received from military association.
|
|
Aper (LA)
|
boar; one of the five original legionary standards of a republican legio (LA) and symbol of the imperial legio XX and llegio X Fretensis.
|
|
Apollinaris (LA)
|
dedicated to Apollo.
|
|
Aquila (LA)
|
eagle standard.
|
|
Aquilae natalis (LA)
|
'birthday of the eagle'; anniversary of the official founding of a legio (LA).
|
|
Aquilifer (LA)
|
eaglebearer; standardbearer carrying the legion's eagle.
|
|
Archigybernes (LA)
|
senior helmsman.
|
|
Architectus (LA)
|
engineer; constructor of torsion guns.
|
|
Archoon tou kontuberniou (GR)
|
'commander of the tent party'; squad leader, term used as equivalent of dekarchos (GR).
|
|
Arcuballista (LA)
|
torsion gun; crossbow.
|
|
Arcus (LA)
|
bow.
|
|
Arcuarius (LA)
|
bowyer.
|
|
Areani (LA)
|
late Roman scout/spy unit based in Britannia.
|
|
Aries (LA)
|
battering ram.
|
|
Arithmos (GR)
|
military unit; Greek equivalent of numerus (LA).
|
|
Arma (LA)
|
weapons.
|
|
Arma antesignana (LA)
|
the weapons of the antesignani (LA); lonchè (GR) or lancea (LA) and aspis (GR).
|
|
Arma legionaria (LA)
|
legionary weapons.
|
|
Arma postsignana (LA)
|
the weapons of the postsignani (LA); xyston (GR) or pilum (LA) and thyreos (GR) or scutum (LA).
|
|
Arma velitaria (LA)
|
the weapons belonging to the velites (LA); hasta velitaris (LA) and parma (LA).
|
|
Armamentarium (LA)
|
weapons storage.
|
|
Armatura (LA)
|
(1) advanced weapons training; (2) weapon instructor; (3) soldier with advanced weapons training; (4) armament.
|
|
Armatura duplaris (LA)
|
weapons instructor on double rations.
|
|
Armatus (LA)
|
armed.
|
|
Armicustos (LA)
|
soldier tasked with the administration and supply of weapons and equipment.
|
|
Armidoctor (LA)
|
equivalent of doctor armorum (LA); weapons instructor.
|
|
Armiger (LA)
|
'weaponbearer'; armed man.
|
|
Armilausa (LA)
|
military clothing item.
|
|
Armilla (LA)
|
arm band used as military decoration.
|
|
Artifex (LA)
|
artisan.
|
|
Arx (LA)
|
fortress.
|
|
Aspis (GR)
|
shield.
|
|
Aspis koilè (GR)
|
curved shield used by legionary heavy infantry.
|
|
Aspis platea (GR)
|
flat shield used by legionary light infantry.
|
|
Assiduus (LA)
|
propertied citizen with military service obligation.
|
|
Aurum tironicum (LA)
|
money tax levied instead of protostasia (GR).
|
|
Auspicia (LA)
|
supreme authority.
|
|
Auxilia (LA)
|
auxiliaries.
|
|
Auxilia palatina (LA)
|
late Roman crack infantry units.
|
|
Auxiliaris (LA)
|
auxiliary soldier.
|
|
Auxilium (LA)
|
late Roman infantry unit.
|
|
Auxilium palatinum (LA)
|
elite late Roman field army infantry unit.
|
|
Bacaudae (LA)
|
late Roman rebel group in Gaul.
|
|
Ballista (LA)
|
torsion gun.
|
|
Ballista quadrirotis (LA)
|
‘fourwheeled torsion gun’; mobile catapult.
|
|
Ballistarius (LA)
|
artillery soldier.
|
|
Balteus (LA)
|
military belt.
|
|
Bandifer (LA)
|
Byzantine standard bearer.
|
|
Bandon (GR)
|
late Roman military unit.
|
|
Bandum (LA)
|
late Roman military standard.
|
|
Barbaricum (LA)
|
the world beyond the imperial frontiers.
|
|
Barbarus (LA)
|
non Roman; foreigner.
|
|
Baro (LA)
|
servant; groom.
|
|
Barcarius (LA)
|
bargeman.
|
|
Barritus (LA)
|
battle cry.
|
|
Basileus (GR)
|
emperor.
|
|
Basilica equestris exercitatoria (LA)
|
cavalry training hall.
|
|
Basilica exercitatoria (LA)
|
drill hall.
|
|
Basilikon telos (GR)
|
imperial guard.
|
|
Basilikos (LA)
|
imperial.
|
|
Batavus (LA)
|
(1) Batavian; (2) nickname of imperial horse guard trooper.
|
|
Battualia (LA)
|
fighting exercise.
|
|
Bearcus (LA)
|
variant spelling of biarchus (LA), a late Roman noncom.
|
|
Bearcus draconarius (LA)
|
late Roman senior standardbearer.
|
|
Bebra (LA)
|
barbarian heavy javelin.
|
|
Bellator (LA)
|
fighter; warrior.
|
|
Bellum (LA)
|
war.
|
|
Belos (GR)
|
missile.
|
|
Beneficium (LA)
|
'favour'; military promotion.
|
|
Beneficiarius (LA)
|
'beneficiary'; (1) soldier on special assignment; (2) military police.
|
|
Beneficiarius consularis (LA)
|
soldier attached to a provincial governor's staff.
|
|
Beneficiarius legati legionis (LA)
|
soldier attached to staff of legionary commander.
|
|
Beneficiarius praefecti praetorio (LA)
|
soldier serving on the staff of the praetorian prefect.
|
|
Beneficiarius praefecti urbis (LA)
|
soldier serving on the staff of the urban prefect.
|
|
Beneficiarius procuratoris (LA)
|
soldier serving on the staff of a procurator (LA).
|
|
Beneficiarius praefecti proconsulis (LA)
|
soldier serving on the staff of the governor appointed by the senate.
|
|
Beneficiarius sexmestris (LA)
|
soldier on a six month tour as beneficiarius.
|
|
Beneficiarius tribuni (LA)
|
soldier attached to the staff of a tribunus (LA).
|
|
Benephikiarios (GR)
|
Greek equivalent of beneficiarius (LA).
|
|
Biarchus (LA)
|
late Roman NCO.
|
|
Bipennis (LA)
|
double headed axe.
|
|
Boukellarèos (GR)
|
personal retainer, Greek equivalent of Buccellarius (LA).
|
|
Bracae (LA)
|
trousers.
|
|
Brittunculus (LA)
|
'little Briton'; derogatory name for Roman adversary in Britannia.
|
|
Buccellarius (LA)
|
private retainer.
|
|
Buccellatum (LA)
|
hard tack; ration.
|
|
Bucculla (LA)
|
helmet cheeck piece.
|
|
Bucina (LA)
|
musical instrument.
|
|
Bucinator (LA)
|
trumpeter.
|
|
Bucinator principalis (LA)
|
trumpeter with NCO rank.
|
|
Burgarius (LA)
|
soldier stationed at burgus (LA).
|
|
Burgus (LA)
|
small fortification.
|
|
Cacula (LA)
|
military servant.
|
|
Caesim ferire (LA)
|
to slash (with a sword).
|
|
Calceus (LA)
|
shoe; boot.
|
|
Calciarium (LA)
|
'shoe money'; bounty demanded by troops for prolonged marching.
|
|
Caliga (LA)
|
leather personnel carrier; military boot.
|
|
Caligatus (LA)
|
person wearing caligae (LA); soldier, NCO or officer below the social rank of eques Romanus (LA).
|
|
Calo (LA)
|
horse groom; military servant.
|
|
Campicursio (LA)
|
military exercise.
|
|
Campidoctor (LA)
|
drill instructor.
|
|
Campigenus (LA)
|
'born at the exercise field'; elite legionary soldier.
|
|
Campus (LA)
|
cavalry training area; exercise field.
|
|
Campus Martius (LA)
|
field of Mars where during the republic troops were assembled prior to military campaigns.
|
|
Canabae (LA)
|
civilian settlement attached to military base.
|
|
Candidatus (LA)
|
(1) soldier awaiting promotion; (2) late Roman guardsman.
|
|
Cannensis (LA)
|
the nickname of the soldiers who had survived the defeat at Cannae and were kept in service until Carthage was defeated in the Second Punic War.
|
|
Capite censi (LA)
|
'head count'; citizens that could not meet the property demands required for military service.
|
|
Capsa (LA)
|
container with bandages and medical implements carried by medics.
|
|
Capsarius (LA)
|
medic.
|
|
Caput contubernii (LA)
|
head of tentparty.
|
|
Caput porcinum (LA)
|
'boar's head'; attack column or wedge formation.
|
|
Carcer (LA)
|
prison cell.
|
|
Carcerarius (LA)
|
prison guard.
|
|
Carroballista (LA)
|
torsion artillery.
|
|
Cassis (LA)
|
helmet.
|
|
Castellum (LA)
|
fort.
|
|
Castigatio (LA)
|
corporal punishment.
|
|
Castra (LA)
|
camp.
|
|
Castra aestiva (LA)
|
summer campaigning camp.
|
|
Castra hiberna (LA)
|
winter base.
|
|
Castra movere (LA)
|
to break camp.
|
|
Castra nova (LA)
|
'new camp'; second base for imperial horse guard at Rome after the unit was increased in size.
|
|
Castra peregrina (LA)
|
military base at Rome for personel seconded from the provincial armies.
|
|
Castra praetoria (LA)
|
praetorian camp; (1) base of the praetorian guard at Rome established by Tiberius; (2) dense close ordered formation in the late Roman army.
|
|
Castra priora (LA)
|
'earlier camp'; original base of imperial horse guard at Rome.
|
|
Castrense peculium (LA)
|
possessions acquired by soldier during military service which remained outside the patria potestas (LA).
|
|
Cataphracta (LA)
|
body armour.
|
|
Cataphractarius (LA)
|
heavily armoured cavalryman.
|
|
Cataphractus (LA)
|
heavily armoured cavalryman.
|
|
Catapulta (LA)
|
'shield smasher'; torsion gun.
|
|
Causarius (LA)
|
soldier discharged for wounds or other medical reasons.
|
|
Cedo alteram (LA)
|
'give me another'; nickname of a hated centurio killed in the Pannonian mutiny of AD 14 who used to break his vine sticks on the back of his men.
|
|
Celeusta (LA)
|
naval officer.
|
|
Cenaticum (LA)
|
provision of (money for) food; often extorted by soldiers billeted on civilians.
|
|
Centenaria (LA)
|
small fortification.
|
|
Centenarius (LA)
|
late Roman officer of equivalent rank as centurio (LA).
|
|
Centenus (LA)
|
unit of nominally a hundred men.
|
|
Centuria (LA)
|
'hundred'; military unit of some thirty to two hundred foot soldiers.
|
|
Centurio (LA)
|
'commander of hundred'; centurion; officer.
|
|
Centurio alti ordinis (LA)
|
centurion of higher rank.
|
|
Centurio classicus (LA)
|
naval centurion.
|
|
Centurio deputatus (LA)
|
centurion on detached duty.
|
|
Centurio exercitator (LA)
|
cavalry training officer.
|
|
Centurio frumentarius (LA)
|
centurion of the military intelligence service.
|
|
Centurio legionarius (LA)
|
legionary centurion.
|
|
Centurio ordinarius/ordinatus (LA)
|
centurion commanding a centuria (LA).
|
|
Centurio posterior (LA)
|
second in command of a manipulus (LA).
|
|
Centurio prior (LA)
|
senior centurion of a manipulus (LA).
|
|
Centurio protector (LA)
|
'bodyguard centurion'; officer among the protectores (LA).
|
|
Centurio regionarius (LA)
|
district centurion responsible for administration and law enforcement.
|
|
Centurio retentus (LA)
|
centurion serving on after term of service.
|
|
Centurio speculatorum Augustorum (LA)
|
officer attached to the speculatores (LA) of the praetorian guard.
|
|
Centurio statorum (LA)
|
centurion in charge of military constabulary.
|
|
Centurio stratorum (LA)
|
officer in charge of horse supply to the army which was at times placed in command of the pedites singulares (LA).
|
|
Centurio supernumerarius (LA)
|
supernumerary centurion with special assignments.
|
|
Centurio tralatus (LA)
|
transferred centurion.
|
|
Cervus (LA)
|
'animal horn'; obstacle made of pointed stakes.
|
|
Cetra (LA)
|
shield; small Hispanic buckler.
|
|
Cetratus (LA)
|
(1) soldier equipped with a small shield; (2) skirmisher.
|
|
Charax (GR)
|
wall.
|
|
Cheiroballistra (GR)
|
torsion artillery.
|
|
Cheloonion (GR)
|
catapult block.
|
|
Chiliarchia (GR)
|
unit of nominally a thousand men.
|
|
Chiliarchos (GR)
|
'commander of a thousand'; Greek term for tribunus (LA).
|
|
Choortè (GR)
|
cohort.
|
|
Cibaria (LA)
|
rations.
|
|
Cibariator (LA)
|
commissariat clerk.
|
|
Cibus (LA)
|
food; ration.
|
|
Cinctus (LA)
|
'girded with sword belt'; combat ready.
|
|
Cingulum (LA)
|
late Roman military belt.
|
|
Cingulum militare (LA)
|
late Roman military belt.
|
|
Circitor (LA)
|
late Roman junior cavalry NCO originally tasked with making rounds to inspect sentries.
|
|
Circumvallatio (LA)
|
circumvallation.
|
|
Civis Romanus (LA)
|
Roman citizen.
|
|
Civium Romanorum (LA)
|
epithet of auxiliary units that were either originally recruited from Roman citizens or had received a mass grant of the citizenship for outstanding service.
|
|
Clades (LA)
|
defeat.
|
|
Clades Lolliana (LA)
|
'Lollian defeat'; defeat of governor Lollius against invading Germanic tribesmen in 16 BC.
|
|
Clades Variana (LA)
|
'Varian defeat'; defeat of Varus in the Teutoburgian forest in 9 AD.
|
|
Classiarius (LA)
|
sailor; marine.
|
|
Classicum (LA)
|
military musical salute.
|
|
Classicus (LA)
|
naval soldier; sailor, marine.
|
|
Classis (LA)
|
(1) part of population with military service obligations; (2) fleet.
|
|
Classis Germanica (LA)
|
'German fleet'; Rhine fleet.
|
|
Classis praetoria (LA)
|
'praetorian fleet'; main naval fleet stationed at Ravenna or Misenum.
|
|
Classis praetoria Ravennatium (LA)
|
'praetorian fleet of Ravenna'; main Roman fleet based in Adriatic Sea.
|
|
Classis praetoria Misenatium (LA)
|
'praetorian fleet of Misenum'; main Roman fleet based in Tyrhenean Sea.
|
|
Clavarium (LA)
|
'hobnail money'; allowance given to soldiers for purchase of extra nails when involved in prolonged marching.
|
|
Clavis lignea (LA)
|
wooden practice sword.
|
|
Clavicula (LA)
|
curved wall and ditch extension protecting a gate of a marching camp.
|
|
Clavicularius (LA)
|
guard stationed at the gate.
|
|
Clavus (LA)
|
tunic decoration.
|
|
Clibanarius (LA)
|
'field oven man'; heavily armoured cavalry trooper.
|
|
Clibanus (LA)
|
field oven.
|
|
Clinicus (LA)
|
medic.
|
|
Clipeus (LA)
|
buckler.
|
|
Cognomen (LA)
|
(honorary) nickname.
|
|
Cohors (LA)
|
military unit.
|
|
Cohors alaria (LA)
|
allied - or auxiliary unit.
|
|
Cohors classica (LA)
|
auxiliary unit originally formed of sailors and marines.
|
|
Cohors equitata (LA)
|
unit of auxiliary infantry with attached mounted squadrons.
|
|
Cohors Germanorum (LA)
|
the unit of Germani custodes corporis (LA).
|
|
Cohors milliaria (LA)
|
'thousand strong unit'; military unit with an establishment strength of a 1000 soldiers.
|
|
Cohors palatina (LA)
|
'palace unit'; tetrarchic title of cohors praetoria (LA).
|
|
Cohors peditata (LA)
|
infantry unit.
|
|
Cohors praetoria (LA)
|
(1) bodyguard of a general during the republic; (2) unit of imperial guard.
|
|
Cohors quingenaria (LA)
|
military unit with an establishment strength of 500 men.
|
|
Cohors speculatorum (LA)
|
guard unit of Marcus Antonius composed of scouts.
|
|
Cohors togata (LA)
|
unit of praetorian guard in civilian dress tasked with duties within the pomerium (LA).
|
|
Cohors torquata (LA)
|
auxiliary unit granted a torques (LA).
|
|
Cohors tumultuaria (LA)
|
irregular auxiliary unit.
|
|
Cohors urbana (LA)
|
urban cohort; military police unit.
|
|
Cohors vigilum (LA)
|
cohort of the watchmen; unit of the police force annex fire brigade.
|
|
Cohortalis (LA)
|
soldier belonging to a cohors.
|
|
Collatus (LA)
|
soldier picked for service in other unit.
|
|
Collega (LA)
|
member of the same unit.
|
|
Comes (LA)
|
'companion'; (1)friend of the emperor; (2) late Roman army commander (3) elite cavalryman.
|
|
Comes domesticorum (LA)
|
commander of the household troops.
|
|
Comes domesticorum equitum (LA)
|
'count of the household cavalry'; late Roman guard cavalry commander.
|
|
Comes rei militaris (LA)
|
'count of military affairs'; late Roman military commander.
|
|
Comitatensis (LA)
|
soldier belonging to late Roman field army.
|
|
Comitatus (LA)
|
'following'; imperial field army of the third century AD.
|
|
Comites dominorum nostrorum (LA)
|
'companions of our lords'; imperial horse guards from the tetrarchy.
|
|
Comitia centuriata (LA)
|
popular assembly based on ancient army structure of centuriae (LA).
|
|
Comitiatus (LA)
|
senior officer elected by popular assembly.
|
|
Commanipularis (LA)
|
fellow soldier; brother in arms.
|
|
Commoda (LA)
|
discharge benefits.
|
|
Commodiana (LA)
|
'Commodus' own'; honorary unit title.
|
|
Commeatus (LA)
|
leave.
|
|
Commentariensis (LA)
|
legal staff administrator.
|
|
Commentarii (LA)
|
field commander's report to the senate.
|
|
Commilito (LA)
|
fellow soldier.
|
|
Comminus (LA)
|
close quarter fighting.
|
|
Compar (LA)
|
soldier of the same rank.
|
|
Conalaris (LA)
|
'fellow wingman'; trooper belonging to same cavalry unit.
|
|
Concha (LA)
|
‘seashell’; shipwreck.
|
|
Concordia exercituum (LA)
|
'concord of the armies'; propaganda slogan used on coins.
|
|
Conditorium (LA)
|
depot.
|
|
Conductor (LA)
|
supply contractor.
|
|
Congeries armorum
|
pile of military equipment.
|
|
Conquisitor (LA)
|
recruiting officer.
|
|
Consilium (LA)
|
imperial advisory council.
|
|
Consistorium (LA)
|
late Roman imperial advisory council.
|
|
Constitutio (LA)
|
service regulation. Several sets of military constitutiones (LA) were formulated by emperors, among them Augustus and Hadrianus.
|
|
Consul (LA)
|
consul; highest magistrate in republican Rome commanding major military forces.
|
|
Consularis (LA)
|
former consul (LA).
|
|
Contarius (LA)
|
heavy cavalry soldier armed with two handed pike.
|
|
Contiro (LA)
|
fellow recruit.
|
|
Contributus (LA)
|
transferred soldier.
|
|
Contubernalis (LA)
|
(1) officer cadet; (2) squad member.
|
|
Contubernium (LA)
|
tentparty; group of soldiers sharing a tent.
|
|
Contus (LA)
|
spear; heavy two handed thrusting spear.
|
|
Conubium (LA)
|
legal marriage.
|
|
Conveteranus (LA)
|
fellow veteran.
|
|
Copiae (LA)
|
(1) military forces; (2) supplies.
|
|
Cornicen (LA)
|
horn-blower.
|
|
Cornicularius (LA)
|
NCO with administrative duties.
|
|
Cornicularius consularis (LA)
|
NCO heading provincial governor's administrative staff.
|
|
Cornicularius legati (LA)
|
NCO at head of administrative staff of legionary legate.
|
|
Cornicularius praefectorum praetorio (LA)
|
NCO supervising administrative staff of praetorian prefects.
|
|
Cornicularius praefecti classis (LA)
|
NCO at head of administrative staff of fleet prefect.
|
|
Cornicularius praefecti Aegypti (LA)
|
NCO supervising administrative staff of governor of Egypt.
|
|
Cornicularius praefecti legionis (LA)
|
NCO at head of administrative staff of legionary prefect.
|
|
Cornicularius praesidis (LA)
|
NCO heading administrative staff of equestrian governor.
|
|
Cornicularius procuratoris Augusti (LA)
|
NCO at head of imperial procurator's administrative staff.
|
|
Cornicularius tribuni (LA)
|
NCO supervising tribune's administrative staff.
|
|
Corniculum (LA)
|
small horn used as a military decoration.
|
|
Cornu (LA)
|
(1) horn; (2) wing of battle formation.
|
|
Cornuti (LA)
|
'horned ones'; late Roman auxilium palatinum (LA).
|
|
Corona (LA)
|
wreath or crown awarded as military decoration.
|
|
Corona aurea (LA)
|
gold crown.
|
|
Corona civica (LA)
|
wreath of oak leaves awarded for saving a fellow citizen's life.
|
|
Corona classica (LA)
|
fleet crown; naval decoration.
|
|
Corona exploratoria (LA)
|
crown awarded to scouts.
|
|
Corona graminea/obsidionalis (LA)
|
grass crown awarded for saving an entire army.
|
|
Corona muralis (LA)
|
crown awarded to first man reaching the top of an enemy wall.
|
|
Corona navalis (LA)
|
naval crown.
|
|
Corona vallaris (LA)
|
crown awarded to first man on top of an enemy rampart.
|
|
Corvus (LA)
|
'raven'; movable boarding bridge.
|
|
Covinus (LA)
|
Celtic war-chariot.
|
|
Cratis (LA)
|
wickerwork shield.
|
|
Crista (LA)
|
helmet crest.
|
|
Crista transversa (LA)
|
transverse helmet crest used as recognition mark of centurion.
|
|
Cristatus (LA)
|
crested.
|
|
Cuneus (LA)
|
'wedge'; (1) attack column or wedge formation; (2) cavalry unit.
|
|
Cuneus equitum (LA)
|
cavalry unit.
|
|
Cura copiarum (LA)
|
supply management.
|
|
Cura explorationis (LA)
|
responsibility for scouting.
|
|
Curam agens (LA)
|
soldier in charge.
|
|
Curator (LA)
|
(1) soldier, NCO or officer with special responsibilities; (2) supply administrator.
|
|
Curator cohortis (LA)
|
interim commander of auxiliary regiment.
|
|
Curator Germanorum (LA)
|
commander of the Germani custodes corporis (LA), the imperial bodyguard.
|
|
Curator operis armamentarii (LA)
|
person in charge of arms supply.
|
|
Curator turmae (LA)
|
cavalryman with special duties.
|
|
Curator veteranorum (LA)
|
officer in charge of time served soldiers awaiting discharge.
|
|
Custos vivarii (LA)
|
guard of animal enclosure.
|
|
Cursores (LA)
|
'runners'; assault troops.
|
|
Cursus clabularis (LA)
|
wagon post; imperial wagon transportation service.
|
|
Cursus honorum (LA)
|
the public career path of Roman nobles consisting of both civilian and military posts.
|
|
Cursus publicus (LA)
|
imperial posting system.
|
|
Custos (LA)
|
guard; guardian; sentry.
|
|
Custos armorum (LA)
|
soldier tasked with the registration and supply of weapons and equipment.
|
|
Custos basilicae (LA)
|
caretaker of training hall.
|
|
Decanus (LA)
|
commander of contubernium (LA) or tentparty.
|
|
Decimipilus (LA)
|
centurion of the pili of the tenth cohort of a legion.
|
|
Decumanus (LA)
|
soldier of the legio X.
|
|
Decurio (LA)
|
cavalry officer; (1) officer commanding ten to thirty horse men in the legion of the early republic; (2) officer commanding a turma (LA) in the auxilia (LA).
|
|
Decurio exercitator (LA)
|
cavalry training officer.
|
|
Decurio praepositus (LA)
|
decurion placed in command.
|
|
Decurio princeps (LA)
|
officer in charge of unit's administration.
|
|
Decursio (LA)
|
military exercise.
|
|
Dediticius (LA)
|
someone who has surrendered; prisoner of war.
|
|
Deditio (LA)
|
unconditional surrender.
|
|
Deducticius (LA)
|
settled veteran.
|
|
Defector (LA)
|
deserter.
|
|
Defensores (LA)
|
'defenders'; troops in close order defensive formation.
|
|
Dekanos (GR)
|
militia man; police man.
|
|
Dekarchos (GR)
|
(1) cavalry officer; Greek equivalent of decurio (LA); (2) section commander, equivalent of decanus (LA).
|
|
Delectus (LA)
|
picked soldier.
|
|
Deposita (LA)
|
savings.
|
|
Deposita ad signa (LA)
|
'deposits at the standards'; savings.
|
|
Deputatus (LA)
|
medical orderly.
|
|
Dexa (GR)
|
'catch!'; motto inscribed on lead sling bullets.
|
|
Diaseismos (GR)
|
'shakedown'; extortion was a relatively common military vice.
|
|
Dictator (LA)
|
senior magistrate granted emergency powers originally appointed for a period of six months.
|
|
Difalangia (LA)
|
double battle order, ie facing front and rear.
|
|
Digmata (LA)
|
shield decoration.
|
|
Dilectator (LA)
|
official in charge of conscription levy.
|
|
Dilectus (LA)
|
conscription levy.
|
|
Diogmitès (GR)
|
urban militia man.
|
|
Dioostra (GR)
|
catapult slider.
|
|
Diploma (LA)
|
discharge certificate.
|
|
Direptio (LA)
|
sack.
|
|
Discens (LA)
|
trainee.
|
|
Discens architecti (LA)
|
trainee engineer; trainee artillery constructor.
|
|
Discens armaturae (LA)
|
trainee weapons instructor.
|
|
Discens aquiliferum (LA)
|
trainee eagle standard bearer.
|
|
Discens aquiliferorum (LA)
|
trainee eagle standard bearer.
|
|
Discens bucinatorem (LA)
|
trainee trumpeteer.
|
|
Discens capsariorum (LA)
|
soldier training for function as medical orderly.
|
|
Discens epibatae (LA)
|
trainee marine.
|
|
Discens equitum (LA)
|
trainee cavalryman
|
|
Discens lanchiariorum ((Bad) LA)
|
trainee javelineer.
|
|
Discens mensorem (LA)
|
trainee surveyor.
|
|
Discens phalangarium (LA)
|
soldier training as a phalangarius (LA)
|
|
Discens signiferorum (LA)
|
trainee standardbearer.
|
|
Dispensator (LA)
|
imperial treasury slave.
|
|
Distributio numerorum (LA)
|
distribution of units; the order of battle of the Roman army in the Notitia Dignitatum.
|
|
Doctor (LA)
|
instructor.
|
|
Doctor armorum (LA)
|
weapons instructor.
|
|
Doctor sagittariorum (LA)
|
'teacher of archers'; archery instructor.
|
|
Dolabra (LA)
|
axe.
|
|
Dolator (LA)
|
sailor in charge of rigging sail.
|
|
Dolus (LA)
|
trick, ruse.
|
|
Domesticus (LA)
|
'household man'; late Roman imperial guard soldier.
|
|
Domitiana (LA)
|
'Domitian's own'; honorary title for loyal army units in Domitian's reign.
|
|
Dona militaria (LA)
|
military decorations.
|
|
Donativum (LA)
|
extraordinary grant of money.
|
|
Donis donatus (LA)
|
rewarded with decorations.
|
|
Dory (GR)
|
spear.
|
|
Dory makron (GR)
|
long spear or pike; weapon used by legionary phalangarii (LA) in third century.
|
|
Doryphoros (GR)
|
'spearman'; guard soldier.
|
|
Doux (GR)
|
military commander.
|
|
Draco (LA)
|
'dragon'; windsock standard.
|
|
Draconarius (LA)
|
dragon bearer; late Roman standardbearer.
|
|
Dromedarius (LA)
|
camel trooper.
|
|
Ducenarius (LA)
|
late Roman officer.
|
|
Duovir navalis (LA)
|
republican era naval commander.
|
|
Duplaris (LA)
|
NCO on double basic pay.
|
|
Duplicarius (LA)
|
NCO on double basic pay.
|
|
Duumvir navalis (LA)
|
member of naval committee of two; republican era naval commander.
|
|
Dux (LA)
|
commander.
|
|
Dux ripae (LA)
|
'river bank commander'; subordinate commander of frontier section.
|
|
Eirenarchos (GR)
|
militia commander.
|
|
Eirènikè schèma (GR)
|
peacetime attire ie without full equipment.
|
|
Ektaxis (GR)
|
battle order.
|
|
Ektraordinarios (GR)
|
Greek term for extraordinarius (LA).
|
|
Elephans turritus (LA)
|
turreted elephant.
|
|
Emansor (LA)
|
deserter.
|
|
Emerita statio (LA)
|
completed tour of duty.
|
|
Emeritus (LA)
|
soldier having served mandatory time; veteran.
|
|
Eparchos (GR)
|
officer.
|
|
Eparchos ilès (GR)
|
'wing commander'; Greek term for praefectus alae (LA).
|
|
Eparchos speirès (GR)
|
equestrian officer; Greek equivalent of praefectus cohortis (LA) and praefectus alae (LA).
|
|
Eparchos toon toxotoon (GR)
|
commander of archers.
|
|
Epi toon topoon (GR)
|
ín charge of the vicinity'; Greek title for centurio regionarius (LA).
|
|
Epibata (LA)
|
marine.
|
|
Epibatès (GR)
|
marine.
|
|
Epikouros (GR)
|
auxiliary.
|
|
Epilektos (GR)
|
elite soldier.
|
|
Epimelètès (GR)
|
officer; commander.
|
|
Epiploos (GR)
|
ship's guard.
|
|
Epistula commendaticia (LA)
|
letter of recommendation; credential.
|
|
Eques (LA)
|
cavalryman.
|
|
Eques alaris (LA)
|
cavalryman belonging to auxiliary ala (LA).
|
|
Eques Augustorum (LA)
|
praetorian cavalry trooper.
|
|
Eques Batavus (LA)
|
(1) Batavian horseman; (2) imperial horse guard trooper, not necessarily recruited from that particular tribe.
|
|
Eques capsarius (LA)
|
mounted medical orderly.
|
|
Eques cohortalis (LA)
|
trooper belonging to cohors equitata (LA).
|
|
Eques dominorum nostrorum (LA)
|
'horseman of our lords'; tetrarchic imperial horse guard trooper.
|
|
Eques indigena (LA)
|
local cavalryman.
|
|
Eques legionis (LA)
|
legionary horseman.
|
|
Eques praetorianus (LA)
|
cavalryman attached to cohors praetoria (LA).
|
|
Eques promotus (LA)
|
mounted legionary or praetorian.
|
|
Eques protector (LA)
|
legionary cavalryman acting as bodyguard.
|
|
Eques Romanus (LA)
|
'Roman knight'; member of equestrian class.
|
|
Eques sagittarius (LA)
|
horse archer.
|
|
Eques singularis (LA)
|
(1) auxiliary trooper serving in the governor's guard; (2) legionary cavalryman serving as bodyguard of senior officers.
|
|
Eques singularis Augusti (LA)
|
trooper of imperial horse guard.
|
|
Eques speculator (LA)
|
'scout' or 'spy'; mounted scout.
|
|
Eques stablesianus (LA)
|
'stableboy'; mounted legionary.
|
|
Equisio (LA)
|
horse attendant.
|
|
Equitatus (LA)
|
cavalry.
|
|
Equus (LA)
|
(1) horse; (2) horse standard, one of the five original legionary standards in the republican Roman army.
|
|
Equus publicus (LA)
|
horse provided at state expense to a select body of Roman knights and senators.
|
|
Equus privatus (LA)
|
mount provided at own expense.
|
|
Ergodotes (LA)
|
naval soldier; sailor.
|
|
Evocatus (LA)
|
reenlisted veteran.
|
|
Evocatus Augusti (LA)
|
reenlisted veteran from cohortes praetoriae (LA).
|
|
Euzonos (GR)
|
light infantryman.
|
|
Ex frumentario (LA)
|
former military intelligence officer.
|
|
Exactus (LA)
|
accountant.
|
|
Exarchus (LA)
|
late Roman cavalry officer.
|
|
Exauctoritas (LA)
|
discharge from military service.
|
|
Excerptor (LA)
|
shorthand secretary; clerk.
|
|
Excubia (LA)
|
guard post.
|
|
Excubatio ad signa (LA)
|
colour guard duty.
|
|
Excubitor (LA)
|
late Roman guardsman.
|
|
Excubitus (LA)
|
guard duty.
|
|
Exculcator (LA)
|
skirmisher.
|
|
Exercitatio (LA)
|
military exercise.
|
|
Exercitator (LA)
|
cavalry instructor.
|
|
Exercitator armaturarum (LA)
|
cavalry instructor of praetorian instructors.
|
|
Exercitator equitum praetorianorum (LA)
|
training officer of the praetorian horsemen.
|
|
Exercitator militum frumentariorum (LA)
|
instructor of the soldiers of the military intelligence service.
|
|
Exercitator equitum speculatorum (LA)
|
instructor of the mounted scouts of the praetorian guard.
|
|
Exercitus (LA)
|
army.
|
|
Exercitus Germanicus Inferior (LA)
|
the provincial army of Germania Inferior (LA).
|
|
Expeditio (LA)
|
imperial field campaign.
|
|
Expeditus (LA)
|
(1) soldier without marching pack; (2) soldier with light equipment.
|
|
Exploratio (LA)
|
reconnaissance mission.
|
|
Explooratoor (GR)
|
scout; transliteration of explorator (LA).
|
|
Explorator (LA)
|
scout.
|
|
Extraordinarius (LA)
|
picked soldier from republican allies.
|
|
Exuviae (LA)
|
plundered weaponry and equipment.
|
|
Faber (LA)
|
artisan.
|
|
Faber navalis (LA)
|
ship's carpenter.
|
|
Fabrica (LA)
|
workshop.
|
|
Fabrica ballistaria (LA)
|
artillery workshop.
|
|
Fabrica cohortis (LA)
|
cohort's workshop.
|
|
Fabrica legionis (LA)
|
workshop of the legion.
|
|
Fabricensis (LA)
|
artisan.
|
|
Falarica (LA)
|
javelin.
|
|
Falx (LA)
|
battle-scythe.
|
|
Familia (LA)
|
late Roman squad.
|
|
Fascia (LA)
|
socks.
|
|
Felix (LA)
|
fortunate; lucky; nickname borne by some imperial units.
|
|
Feminalia (LA)
|
breeches.
|
|
Ferentarius (LA)
|
(1) republican legionary light infantryman; (2) republican legionary slinger; (3) republican legionary light cavalryman; (4) military servant.
|
|
Feriale Duranum (LA)
|
military calendar of festivals.
|
|
Ferrata (LA)
|
'ironclad'; nickname of one of the legiones VI.
|
|
Fetialis (LA)
|
priest involved with religious ceremonies surrounding declaration of war.
|
|
Fidelis (LA)
|
loyal.
|
|
Finis (LA)
|
border.
|
|
Finitus commeatus (LA)
|
restricted leave.
|
|
Fisci curator (LA)
|
praetorian guard armicustos (LA).
|
|
Fiscus (LA)
|
imperial treasury.
|
|
Flavia (LA)
|
'Flavian'; raised or reconstituted either by Vespasianus for early imperial units or by Constantius in case of late Roman units.
|
|
Flavialis (LA)
|
late Roman NCO.
|
|
Focale(LA)
|
scarf.
|
|
Foederatus (LA)
|
ally.
|
|
Foedus (LA)
|
treaty.
|
|
Forfex (LA)
|
pincer.
|
|
Forma (LA)
|
map.
|
|
Fossa (LA)
|
ditch.
|
|
Fossa fastigata (LA)
|
V-shaped ditch.
|
|
Fossa Punica (LA)
|
'Punic ditch'; ditch with inward sloping side and outward nearly vertical side.
|
|
Foulkon (GR)
|
Greek equivalent of fulco (LA); close packed defensive formation similar to the testudo (LA).
|
|
Framea (LA)
|
Germanic spear.
|
|
Fretensis (LA)
|
'smashing' or 'destroying'; legionary nickname derived from a battle fought in the Fretum, the sea passage between Sicily and Italy.
|
|
Frumentarius (LA)
|
soldier responsible for grain supply; military intelligence operative.
|
|
Frumentatio (LA)
|
collection of grain supplies; fouraging.
|
|
Frumentum menstruum gratuitum (LA)
|
free monthly grain allowance; priviledge enjoyed by praetorian soldiers from Nero's reign.
|
|
Fuga (LA)
|
flight.
|
|
Fulco LA)
|
close packed defensive formation similar to the testudo (LA).
|
|
Fulminata (LA)
|
'thunderbolt'; legionary nickname of legio XII.
|
|
Funditor (LA)
|
slinger.
|
|
Furca (LA)
|
baggage carrying pole.
|
|
Fustibalis (LA)
|
staff sling.
|
|
Fustis (LA)
|
baton; staff used as badge of office.
|
|
Fustuarium (LA)
|
death penalty by stoning or cudgeling.
|
|
Gaesum (LA)
|
spear.
|
|
Gaesatus (LA); spearman; Celtic mercenary.
|
|
|
Galea (LA)
|
helmet.
|
|
Galearius (LA)
|
military servant.
|
|
Gastrapheta (LA)
|
'belly bow'; heavy crossbow / light torsion gun.
|
|
Gastraphetès (GR)
|
'belly bow'; heavy crossbow / light torsion gun.
|
|
Gemina (LA)
|
twin.
|
|
Geminensis (LA)
|
soldier belonging to a unit named Gemina (LA).
|
|
Gentilis (LA)
|
foreigner; barbarian.
|
|
Germanicianus (LA)
|
soldier belonging to the provincial armies of Germania Superior (LA) and Germania Inferior (LA).
|
|
Germanus custos corporis (LA)
|
German bodyguard of Julio-Claudian dynasty.
|
|
Gladiator (LA)
|
swordfighter.
|
|
Gladius (LA)
|
general term for sword, NOT necessarily a shortsword.
|
|
Gladius Hispanicus (LA)
|
'Spanish sword'; double edged cut-and-thrust weapon with a tapering blade and a point suited for ripping open mail armour.
|
|
Gladius Hispaniensis (LA)
|
'Spanish sword'; double edged cut-and-thrust weapon with a tapering blade and a point suited for ripping open mail armour.
|
|
Gladius pugnatorius (LA)
|
fighting - or combat sword; ie not a training weapon.
|
|
Glans (LA)
|
slingshot.
|
|
Globus (LA)
|
(1) fast moving unit; (2) square.
|
|
Gorytos (GR)
|
quiver.
|
|
Gradus (LA)
|
(1) marching pace; (2) military rank.
|
|
Gradus deiectio (LA)
|
reduction in military rank.
|
|
Gradus militaris (LA)
|
measured military marching pace.
|
|
Gradus plenus (LA)
|
full step; more relaxed step better suited for marching.
|
|
Gravis armatura (LA)
|
heavy armed.
|
|
Gregalis (LA)
|
private; common soldier.
|
|
Gregarius (LA)
|
private; ranker.
|
|
Groma (LA)
|
surveying instrument.
|
|
Grosphomachos (GR)
|
javelineer; legionary skirmisher.
|
|
Grosphos (GR)
|
javelin.
|
|
Gubernator (LA)
|
helmsman.
|
|
Halysidootos (GR)
|
mail coat.
|
|
Harpago (LA)
|
harpoon.
|
|
Hasta (LA)
|
spear.
|
|
Hasta amentata (LA)
|
thonged javelin.
|
|
Hasta pura (LA)
|
spear without iron tip used as a military decoration.
|
|
Hasta velitaris (LA)
|
light throwing spear with soft iron tip.
|
|
Hastarius (LA)
|
spearman.
|
|
Hastatus (LA)
|
'spearman'; legionary heavy infantryman.
|
|
Hastatus centurio (LA)
|
centurion in charge of unit of hastati (LA).
|
|
Hastatus posterior (LA)
|
deputy to hastatus prior (LA).
|
|
Hastatus prior (LA)
|
centurion commanding a manipulus (LA) of hastati (LA).
|
|
Hastile (LA)
|
(1) wooden practice spear; (2) staff of the optio centuriae (LA).
|
|
Hastiliarius (LA)
|
weapons instructor.
|
|
Hastula (LA)
|
small spear.
|
|
Hègemoon (GR)
|
commander.
|
|
Hekatontarchès (GR)
|
'commander of hundred'; Greek term for centurio (LA).
|
|
Hekatontarchès lonchophoroon (GR)
|
'centurion of the spearmen'; commander of elite legionary lonchophoroi (GR) or lancearii (LA).
|
|
Hekatontarchia (GR)
|
'unit of hundred'; Greek term for centuria (LA).
|
|
Helepolis (GR)
|
siege tower.
|
|
Hemistrigium (LA)
|
barracks buiding housing a centuria (LA).
|
|
Herculiani (LA)
|
'Hercules's own'; tetrarchic elite legion.
|
|
Hexeris (LA)
|
'six banked galley'; heavy war ship.
|
|
Hiberna (LA)
|
winter quarters.
|
|
Hippago (LA)
|
horse transport.
|
|
Hipparchos (GR)
|
cavalry commander.
|
|
Hippeus (GR)
|
cavalryman.
|
|
Hippeus lègionarios (GR)
|
legionary cavalryman.
|
|
Hippeus singoularis (GR)
|
guard cavalryman.
|
|
Hippeus tès legioonos (GR)
|
legionary horseman.
|
|
Hippika gymnasia (GR)
|
'cavalry sports'; spectacular demonstration manoeuvres in which two teams of cavalrymen showed off their horsemanship and weapons skills.
|
|
Hippikon (GR)
|
cavalry.
|
|
Hippotoxotès (GR)
|
horse archer.
|
|
Hodopoios (GR)
|
pioneer; road-surveyor.
|
|
Holosidèros (GR)
|
heavily armoured soldier; Greek term for cataphractus (LA) or clibanarius (LA).
|
|
Honesta missio (LA)
|
honourable discharge.
|
|
Honesta missio ex causa (LA)
|
honourable discharge granted to wounded or sick soldiers.
|
|
Honos aquilae (LA)
|
honour of the eagle.
|
|
Hoplomachia (LA)
|
weapons training.
|
|
Hoplon (GR)
|
weapon.
|
|
Hoplitès (GR)
|
heavy armed soldier.
|
|
Hoplitikon (GR)
|
the heavy armed; Greek equivalent of gravis armatura (LA).
|
|
Horrea (LA)
|
granaries.
|
|
Hospitalitas (LA)
|
'hospitality'; quartering and provisioning arrangements.
|
|
Hospitium (LA)
|
forced billeting.
|
|
Hostis (LA)
|
enemy.
|
|
Hyparchos (GR)
|
officer.
|
|
Hypaspistès (GR)
|
guard soldier.
|
|
Hypèretès (GR)
|
staff officer.
|
|
Hypothema (GR)
|
catapult counter plate.
|
|
Hyssos (GR)
|
spear; Greek equivalent for pilum (LA).
|
|
Iaculator (LA)
|
'spear thrower'; light legionary foot soldier.
|
|
Iaculum (LA)
|
missile; javelin.
|
|
Iconismus (LA)
|
distinguishing mark; scar.
|
|
Ignominiosa missio (LA)
|
dishonourable discharge.
|
|
Ilarchès (GR)
|
'wing commander'; cavalry officer.
|
|
Ilè (GR)
|
"wing'; military unit.
|
|
Imaginifer (LA)
|
standardbearer carrying a likeness of the emperor.
|
|
Imago (LA)
|
standard with the emperor's portrait.
|
|
Immounos (GR)
|
soldier exempted from certain duties.
|
|
Immunis (LA)
|
soldier exempted from certain duties.
|
|
Immunis bucinator (LA)
|
trumpeter excused fatigue duty. Note that a bucinator (LA) is also attested as a principalis (LA), suggesting that this position could be held by men of varying status.
|
|
Immunis karcerarius (LA)
|
specialist soldier on prison duty.
|
|
Immunis perpetuus (LA)
|
soldier permanently freed from fatigue duties; the unusual addition of perpetuus (LA) seems to suggest that other immunes may have enjoyed this status for only a limited period of time.
|
|
Immunis venator (LA)
|
hunter with exemption.
|
|
Impedimenta (LA)
|
baggage.
|
|
Impeditus (LA)
|
soldier carrying baggage pack.
|
|
Imperator (LA)
|
commander-in-chief; emperor.
|
|
Imperium (LA)
|
(1) the right to command absolute obedience; (2) empire.
|
|
Impetus (LA)
|
attack.
|
|
In calceo agens (LA)
|
serving in equestrian position ie as centurio (LA), praefectus (LA) or tribunus (LA).
|
|
In caliga agens (LA)
|
serving as soldier, NCO or non-equestrian centurio (LA).
|
|
In numeros referre (LA)
|
to enroll; to enter an accepted soldier in the records.
|
|
In praetorio agens (LA)
|
'serving at the HQ'; serving in cohortes praetoriae (LA).
|
|
In vestimentum (LA)
|
clothing expenses.
|
|
In victum (LA)
|
food expenses.
|
|
Incomma (LA)
|
standard height.
|
|
Indictio (LA)
|
levy of tax in kind.
|
|
Inimicus (LA)
|
hostile, enemy.
|
|
Inquisitio (LA)
|
examination of recruits.
|
|
Insidia (LA)
|
ambush.
|
|
Insidiator (LA)
|
'ambusher'; soldier belonging to screening force; flank guard.
|
|
Insigne (LA)
|
distinguishing mark.
|
|
Insignia scuti (LA)
|
shield designs.
|
|
Interpres (LA)
|
interpreter.
|
|
Intervallum (LA)
|
space between the wall and the living quarters of a camp.
|
|
Ioviani (LA)
|
'Iuppiter's own'; tetrarchic elite legion.
|
|
Iter (LA)
|
march.
|
|
Iter iustum (LA)
|
normal day's march of 20 Roman miles.
|
|
Itinerarium (LA)
|
simplified road map.
|
|
Iudex (LA)
|
'judge'; Latin name given to Gothic supreme war leader known as the thiudans.
|
|
Iugum (LA)
|
yoke; gate made of spears under which captive soldiers were made to pass as a humiliation.
|
|
Iumentarius (LA)
|
soldier or military servant in charge of baggage animals.
|
|
Iumentum (LA)
|
pack animal.
|
|
Iuniores (LA)
|
'recruits'; late Roman unit created around nucleus of veterans detached from another formation.
|
|
Ius conubii (LA)
|
right to contract a marriage.
|
|
Ius fetiale (LA)
|
'fetial law'; religious rules governing Roman external relations and formal declaration of war.
|
|
Iuventus (LA)
|
paramilitary youth organisation.
|
|
Kambestrion (GR)
|
frame holding catapult sinews.
|
|
Kardiophylax (GR)
|
'heart protector'; body armour.
|
|
Katalogos (GR)
|
military unit.
|
|
Katapeltès (GR)
|
'shield smasher'; torsion gun.
|
|
Kataphraktès (GR)
|
mail or scale armour.
|
|
Kataphraktos (GR)
|
heavily armoured soldier.
|
|
Kataskopos (GR)
|
scout.
|
|
Kentouria (GR)
|
Greek term for centuria (LA) or century.
|
|
Kenturioon (GR)
|
centurion.
|
|
Kèrux (GR)
|
herald.
|
|
Kleisis (GR)
|
catapult trigger mechanism.
|
|
Klimekion (GR)
|
ladder strut used to secure bottom of catapult field frame.
|
|
Knèmis/proknèmis (GR)
|
greave.
|
|
Konchos (GR)
|
shield boss.
|
|
Kontophoros (GR)
|
'spearbearer' (1) soldier armed with kontos (GR); (2) legionary heavy infantry soldier.
|
|
Kontos (GR)
|
spear; (1) term in Bellum Judaicum for usual cavalry spear; (2) term in Acies contra Alanos for pilum (LA).
|
|
Kopidion (GR)
|
kukri-like slashing knife.
|
|
Kopis (GR)
|
slashing sword.
|
|
Kouphos (GR)
|
lightly armed.
|
|
Kouphos lonchophoros (GR)
|
light spearman; legionary javelineer serving as commander's guard in Acies contra Alanos.
|
|
Kouratoor (GR)
|
soldier, NCO or officer placed in charge; see Latin curator.
|
|
Kournikoularios (GR)
|
Greek equivalent of cornicularius (LA).
|
|
Koustoor (GR)
|
Greek term for custos (LA).
|
|
Kranos (GR)
|
helmet.
|
|
Labarum (LA)
|
late Roman military standard, that of Constantine the Great being known for the inclusion of the Chi-Rho sign.
|
|
Lancea (LA)
|
spear; (1) light thonged javelin; (2) thrusting spear with decorated blade used as badge of office.
|
|
Lancea herculiana (LA)
|
unspecified type of spear mentioned in Historia Augusta.
|
|
Lancearius (LA)
|
(1) soldier armed with lancea (LA); (2) picked legionary or praetorian capable of acting as light infantry soldier.
|
|
Lancia pugnatoria (LA)
|
combat spear as opposed to training weapon.
|
|
Lancia subarmalis (LA)
|
small javelin.
|
|
Lanchiarios (GR)
|
(1) soldier armed with lancea (LA); (2) light legionary foot soldier.
|
|
Lanista (LA)
|
gladiatorial weapons instructor.
|
|
Lankia (GR)
|
spear; term in Diodorus for Gallic thrusting spear with decorated blade.
|
|
Latro (LA)
|
man of violence; (1) soldier; (2) bandit; guerilla fighter.
|
|
Latrunculus (LA)
|
petty bandit; guerilla fighter.
|
|
Lectus (LA)
|
(1) draftee; conscript; (2) chosen man; elite soldier.
|
|
Lectus in sacro comitatu lanciarius (LA)
|
picked out for service as javelineer in imperial field army.
|
|
Legatus (LA)
|
subordinate commander.
|
|
Legatus Augusti pro praetore (LA)
|
imperial legate with authority of praetor; provincial governor.
|
|
Legatus legionis (LA)
|
legate of the legion; senatorial legionary commander.
|
|
Legeioon (GR)
|
legion.
|
|
Legio (LA)
|
'levy'; basic Roman military unit of several thousand men.
|
|
Legio classica (LA)
|
'naval legion'; legion doing shipboard duty as boarding party marines.
|
|
Legio comitatensis (LA)
|
'legion in the entourage'; field army legion.
|
|
Legio iusta (LA)
|
'proper legion'; legion constituted from citizens as opposed to unit levied from provincials.
|
|
Legio palatina (LA)
|
'palace legion'; elite field army legion.
|
|
Legio pseudocomitatensis (LA)
|
frontier legion serving in late Roman field army.
|
|
Legio urbana (LA)
|
'city legion'; legion raised for defence of the city of Rome itself.
|
|
Legio vernacula (LA)
|
'vernacular legion'; legion levied from provincials rather than Roman citizens.
|
|
Legio volonum (LA)
|
'legion of volunteers'; military unit recruited from slave volunteers.
|
|
Legionarius (LA)
|
legionary soldier.
|
|
Leones (LA)
|
'lions'; name of Caracalla's body guard unit.
|
|
Leptos hyssos (GR)
|
light javelin; type of pilum (LA).
|
|
Levis (LA)
|
early republican legionary skirmisher attached to units of hastati (LA).
|
|
Levis armatura (LA)
|
light armed.
|
|
Liber commeatus (LA)
|
unrestricted leave.
|
|
Libera testamenta factio (LA)
|
right to make a will free from formal legal requirements; important military priviledge.
|
|
Liberalitas (LA)
|
‘generosity’; alternative term for the special money grants more commonly known as donativum (LA).
|
|
Libertus (LA)
|
freedman.
|
|
Librarius (LA)
|
archive clerk.
|
|
Librarius caducorum (LA)
|
clerk in charge of the registration associated with deceased soldiers and the disposal of their belongings.
|
|
Libritor (LA)
|
(1) slinger; (2) artilleryman.
|
|
Liburna (LA)
|
light war-ship.
|
|
Liburnarius (LA)
|
marine.
|
|
Lignatio (LA)
|
collection of firewood.
|
|
Ligo (LA)
|
entrenching tool.
|
|
Lilia (LA)
|
'lilies'; concealed obstacle.
|
|
Limes (LA)
|
frontier road.
|
|
Limitanei (LA)
|
frontier unit.
|
|
Lituus (LA)
|
musical instrument.
|
|
Lixa (LA)
|
military servant; camp-follower.
|
|
Lochos (GR)
|
military unit.
|
|
Lonchè (GR)
|
spear; see lancea (LA).
|
|
Lonchophoros (GR)
|
(1) soldier armed with lonchè (GR); (2) elite legionary capable of acting as light infantry soldier.
|
|
Lorica (LA)
|
(1) body armour; (2) parapet.
|
|
Lorica hamata (LA)
|
mail shirt.
|
|
Lorica plumata (LA)
|
'feathered armour'; ribbed scale armour.
|
|
'Lorica segmentata' (LA)
|
modern term for laminated plate armour.
|
|
Lorica squamata (LA)
|
scale armour.
|
|
Loricatus (LA)
|
armoured.
|
|
Loricula (LA)
|
small (and presumably light) set of armour.
|
|
Ludus gladiatorum (LA)
|
gladiatorial training school.
|
|
Lupus (LA)
|
‘wolf’; (1) spiked drawbridge; (2) one of the five original legionary standards during the republic.
|
|
Lusoria (LA)
|
small boat.
|
|
LXG (LA)
|
acronym for L(egio) X G(emina); the Tenth Twin-legion.
|
|
LXGPFD (LA)
|
acronym for L(egio) X G(emina) P(ia) F(idelis) D(omitiana); the Tenth Loyal and Dutiful Twin legion, Domitian's own.
|
|
Machaira (GR)
|
sword.
|
|
Machaira Iberikè (GR)
|
Spanish sword; Greek equivalent of gladius Hispaniensis (LA).
|
|
Machairophoros (GR)
|
swordsman.
|
|
Machina (LA)
|
siege engine; torsion gun.
|
|
Magister (LA)
|
(1) officer; (2) NCO; (3) private with special responsibilities.
|
|
Magister equitum (LA)
|
'master of the horse'; (1)late Roman senior officer (2) deputy to dictator (LA) during the republic.
|
|
Magister militum (LA)
|
'master of the soldiers'; late Roman senior officer.
|
|
Magister peditum (LA)
|
'master of the infantry'; late Roman senior officer.
|
|
Magister populi (LA)
|
'master of the people'; equivalent title of dictator (LA).
|
|
Magister praesentalis (LA)
|
general of the late Roman imperial field army.
|
|
Magister utriusque militiae (LA)
|
'master of both military services'; late Roman senior officer.
|
|
Magistrianus (LA)
|
late Roman intelligence operative.
|
|
Malleolus (LA)
|
fire arrow; incendiary projectile.
|
|
Mandatum (LA)
|
command; order.
|
|
Manica (LA)
|
armprotector.
|
|
Manipularis (LA)
|
soldier serving in manipulus (LA); heavy infantry soldier.
|
|
Manipularius classis (LA)
|
naval soldier.
|
|
Manipulus (LA)
|
'handfull'; (1) unit consisting of two centuriae (LA); (2) late Roman army squad.
|
|
Manuballista (LA)
|
'hand gun'; (1) light torsion gun; (2) crossbow.
|
|
Manubiae (LA)
|
spoils; plunder.
|
|
Manus (LA)
|
(1) hand; (2) force; violence; (3) force; military unit.
|
|
Manus ferrea (LA)
|
'iron hand'; harpoon.
|
|
Manus Germanorum (LA)
|
troop of Germans; early imperial horse guards.
|
|
Martia (LA)
|
'Martian'; ie dedicated to Mars, the god of war.
|
|
Martiobarbulus (LA)
|
lead weighted dart.
|
|
Matara (LA)
|
Celtic javelin.
|
|
Mathètès (GR)
|
trainee.
|
|
Mathètès hippeoon (GR)
|
trainee cavalryman.
|
|
Matricula (LA)
|
records.
|
|
Mattiarius (LA)
|
spearman; javelineer.
|
|
Mechanè (GR)
|
siege engine; torsion gun.
|
|
Medicus (LA)
|
medical orderly; doctor.
|
|
Medicus castrorum (LA)
|
doctor of the camp.
|
|
Medicus chirurgus (LA)
|
surgeon.
|
|
Medicus duplicarius (LA)
|
NCO on double pay in the medical service.
|
|
Medicus ordinarius (LA)
|
medical officer.
|
|
Medicus pecuarius (LA)
|
animal vet.
|
|
Mensor (LA)
|
surveyor.
|
|
Miles (LA)
|
soldier.
|
|
Miles classiarius (LA)
|
fleet soldier.
|
|
Miles classis (LA)
|
fleet soldier.
|
|
Miles cohortis (LA)
|
soldier belonging to a cohort.
|
|
Miles gloriosus (LA)
|
'glorious soldier'; comic braggart soldier character.
|
|
Miles gregarius (LA)
|
private; common soldier.
|
|
Miles gregalis (LA)
|
private; common soldier.
|
|
Miles legionis (LA)
|
soldier belonging to a legion; legionary.
|
|
Miles medicus (LA)
|
medical orderly; army doctor.
|
|
Miles missicius (LA)
|
discharged soldier.
|
|
Milex (LA)
|
soldier.
|
|
Militaris (LA)
|
military.
|
|
Militaris cibus (LA)
|
military food.
|
|
Militia (LA)
|
equestrian term of military service.
|
|
Militia armata (LA)
|
armed military service; as opposed to service in the late Roman civil service.
|
|
Militia equestris (LA)
|
equestrian officer post.
|
|
Militiae mutatio (LA)
|
transfer to another branch of the armed forces.
|
|
Militia officialis (LA)
|
the civil service, manned in Roman times by predominantly military personel.
|
|
Militiae petitor (LA)
|
'petitioner for service'; equestrian requesting posting as an officer.
|
|
Militia prima (LA)
|
first stint of equestrian military service involving command of an auxiliary cohors (LA).
|
|
Militia quarta (LA)
|
fourth military posting in equestrian military career involving command of an elite ala milliaria (LA).
|
|
Militia secunda (LA)
|
second term of equestrian military service; generally this involved a post as tribunus either in a legion or an auxiliary unit, though for a limited period this involved command of an ala (LA), an auxiliary cavalry regiment.
|
|
Militia tertia (LA)
|
third tour of duty for equestrian officers involving command of an auxiliary fivehundred strong cavalry regiment, though for a short while a legionary or auxiliary tribunate was given as the third posting.
|
|
Militia provincialis (LA)
|
provincial army.
|
|
Militia urbana (LA)
|
'city troops'; the forces stationed at Rome itself.
|
|
Mille passus (LA)
|
'thousand paces'; mile; the Roman mile was 5000 feet of either 294mm or 332mm giving a length of 1480 m to 1660 m.
|
|
Milliaria (LA)
|
a thousand strong.
|
|
Minister bello (LA)
|
logistical officer.
|
|
Minotaurus (LA)
|
human headed bull standard which was one of the original five legionary standards in the republican army.
|
|
Miscellum (LA)
|
bronze table listing soldiers who had served their time.
|
|
Missicius (LA)
|
retired veteran.
|
|
Missile (LA)
|
projectile.
|
|
Pilum missile (LA)
|
throwing spear.
|
|
Missio (LA)
|
release from service.
|
|
Missio agraria (LA)
|
discharge with grant of land.
|
|
Missio causaria (LA)
|
honourable discharge on medical grounds.
|
|
Missio honesta (LA)
|
honourable discharge.
|
|
Missio ignominiosa (LA)
|
dishonourable discharge.
|
|
Missio nummaria (LA)
|
discharge with grant of money.
|
|
Missus (LA)
|
discharged veteran.
|
|
Missus ante tempus (LA)
|
veteran discharged before his time.
|
|
Misthios (GR)
|
mercenary.
|
|
Modiolus (LA)
|
catapult washer.
|
|
Mucro (LA)
|
sword point; tip.
|
|
Mulio (LA)
|
mule driver.
|
|
Mulus (LA)
|
mule.
|
|
Mulus Marianus (LA)
|
'Marius's mule'; nickname for heavily laden legionary.
|
|
Munerum indictio (LA)
|
punitive fatigue duty.
|
|
Munifex (LA)
|
soldier without exemptions from duty.
|
|
Munitio (LA)
|
fortification.
|
|
Munus (LA)
|
fatigue duty.
|
|
Murcus (LA)
|
potential recruit who has cut off his thumb to escape military service.
|
|
Murus (LA)
|
wall.
|
|
Murus caespiticius (LA)
|
turf wall.
|
|
Murus Gallicus (LA)
|
'Gallic wall'; stone wall with a skeleton of stout wooden beams to lessen the impact of battering rams.
|
|
Muscularius (LA)
|
'shellfish man'; late Roman marine.
|
|
Musculus (LA)
|
‘shellfish’; type of boat.
|
|
Natalis aquilae (LA)
|
birthday of the eagle; military holiday.
|
|
Natio (LA)
|
'nation'; barbarian auxiliary force.
|
|
Naupegus (LA)
|
ship's carpenter.
|
|
Nauphylax (LA)
|
ship's guard.
|
|
Navis (LA)
|
ship.
|
|
Navis longa (LA)
|
'longship'; warship.
|
|
Navis oneraria (LA)
|
transport vessel.
|
|
Navis praetoria (LA)
|
flag ship.
|
|
Navis speculatoria (LA)
|
scouting ship.
|
|
Nauta (LA)
|
sailor.
|
|
Nauarchus (LA)
|
ship's captain; naval officer.
|
|
Nauclarius (LA)
|
late Roman marine.
|
|
Nobiscum Deus (LA)
|
'God with us'; late Roman/Byzantine battle cry.
|
|
Nomen Latinum (LA)
|
'Latin name'; league of Latin allies.
|
|
Notae (LA)
|
'symbols'; short hand writing.
|
|
Notarius (LA)
|
secretary.
|
|
Numerarius (LA)
|
administrative official; clerk.
|
|
Numerus (LA)
|
military unit.
|
|
Numerus collatus (LA)
|
provisional unit.
|
|
Numerus peregrinorum (LA)
|
provisional unit of soldiers based at the castra peregrina (LA) at Rome.
|
|
Numerus statorum praetorianorum (LA)
|
unit of praetorian military police.
|
|
Obelos (GR)
|
'spit'; the long iron point of a pilum (LA) or soliferreum (LA) javelin.
|
|
Obsidio (LA)
|
siege.
|
|
Ocrea (LA)
|
greave.
|
|
Officialis (LA)
|
member of administrative staff.
|
|
Officina (LA)
|
workshop.
|
|
Officium (LA)
|
(1) staff; (2) office.
|
|
Officium rationum (LA)
|
accounting office.
|
|
Oikeios (GR)
|
organic; incorporated into permanent strucure of a military unit.
|
|
Oiketès (GR)
|
household retainer; private bodyguard.
|
|
Onager (LA)
|
'wild ass'; torsion gun.
|
|
Onagros (GR)
|
'wild ass'; torsion gun.
|
|
Opera vacans (LA)
|
soldier exempt from fatigue duty; first century AD term for the type of soldier called an immunis (LA) from the second century AD on.
|
|
Oppidum (LA)
|
fortified town.
|
|
Oppugnatio (LA)
|
assault.
|
|
Optimas (LA)
|
(1) noble, war lord; (2) Byzantine horse guard.
|
|
Optimates (LA)
|
Byzantine elite cavalry force.
|
|
Optime Maxime, conserva numerus omnium militantium (LA)
|
Best and Greatest, protect the collective of all serving soldiers; motto used on military equipment..
|
|
Optio (LA)
|
'chosen one'; (1) NCO; (2) private with special responsibilities.
|
|
Optio ab actis urbi (LA)
|
chosen man on administrative staff of the praefectus urbi (LA).
|
|
Optio ad carcerem (LA)
|
chosen man on prison duty.
|
|
Optio ad spem ordinis (LA)
|
NCO selected for promotion to centurionate.
|
|
Optio candidatus (LA)
|
NCO singled out for promotion to rank of centurio (LA).
|
|
Optio carceris (LA)
|
NCO in charge of the prison cells.
|
|
Optio centuriae (LA)
|
'chosen men of the company'; NCO serving as rearrank officer of a centuria, in the imperial army classed as a duplicarius (LA), a NCO on double basic pay.
|
|
Optio centurionis (LA)
|
'chosen man of the centurion'; NCO serving as rearrank officer of a centuria.
|
|
Optio custodiarum (LA)
|
optio (LA) in charge of guard posts.
|
|
Optio draconarius (LA)
|
chosen man among the dragon bearers; late Roman senior standardbearer.
|
|
Optio equitum (LA)
|
NCO of the legionary or praetorian horsemen.
|
|
Optio fabricae (LA)
|
'chosen man of the workshop'; soldier or NCO in charge of a work shop.
|
|
Optio navaliorum (LA)
|
'chosen man of the wharfs'; NCO or specialist soldier in charge of wharfs.
|
|
Optio praetorii (LA)
|
'chosen man of the HQ'; specialist soldier or NCO attached to headquarters.
|
|
Optio principalis (LA)
|
NCO; not all optiones were noncommissioned officers, called principales from the second century on.
|
|
Optio signiferorum (LA)
|
'chosen man of the standardbearers'; senior standard bearer.
|
|
Optio speculatorum (LA)
|
'chosen man of the scouts'; NCO of elite cavalry bodyguards.
|
|
Optio spei (LA)
|
'chosen man with hope'; NCO selected for promotion to centurionate.
|
|
Optio statorum (LA)
|
NCO of military constabulary.
|
|
Optio tribuni (LA)
|
'chosen man of the tribune'; assistant to tribune.
|
|
Optio tubicinum (LA)
|
'chosen man of the trumpeteers'; senior musician.
|
|
Optio valetudinarii (LA)
|
'chosen man of the hospital'; orderly in charge of hospital.
|
|
Optioon (GR)
|
Greek term for optio; specialist or NCO.
|
|
Opus (LA)
|
work; job; task.
|
|
Ordinarius (LA)
|
centurion, originally one in charge of an ordo or unit.
|
|
Ordinatus (LA)
|
centurion.
|
|
Ordinatus princeps (LA)
|
centurion in charge of unit administration.
|
|
Ordinatio (LA)
|
(1) battle deployment; (2) commissioning as centurio (LA).
|
|
Ordo (LA)
|
(1) battle line; (2) military unit; (3) post of centurio (LA).
|
|
Ordo equester (LA)
|
the equestrian order
|
|
Origo (LA)
|
origin.
|
|
Origo castris (LA)
|
'born in the camp'; soldier originating from civilian settlement adjacent to an army base.
|
|
Oothismos (GR)
|
the shoving between two phalanges (GR).
|
|
Ouetranos (GR)
|
veteran; discharged soldier.
|
|
Ouexillatioon (GR)
|
detachment; provisional unit; Greek term for vexillatio (LA).
|
|
Ornithoboros (GR)
|
'bird carrier'; unarmed Byzantine NCO who apparently no longer carried an eagle standard.
|
|
Oulamos (GR)
|
squadron; cavalry unit.
|
|
Ouragos (GR)
|
rearrank officer; optio (LA).
|
|
Otium castrorum (LA)
|
time off-duty.
|
|
Ovatio (LA)
|
triumphal entry for victorious commander.
|
|
Oxybelès (GR)
|
torsion gun.
|
|
Pabulatio (LA)
|
collection of fodder.
|
|
Paenula (LA)
|
cloak.
|
|
Pachos hyssos (GR)
|
thick javelin; heavier variant of pilum (LA).
|
|
Palaistratiootès (GR)
|
veteran.
|
|
Palatinus (LA)
|
soldier belonging to late Roman field army.
|
|
Paludamentum (LA)
|
officers' cloak.
|
|
Palus (LA)
|
stake used as target for weapons training.
|
|
Panis militaris (LA)
|
military bread.
|
|
Panoplia (LA)
|
armour.
|
|
Papilio (LA)
|
'butterfly'; tent.
|
|
Parazonium (LA)
|
sword carried by senior officers.
|
|
Parma (LA)
|
usually round buckler.
|
|
Parma equestris (LA)
|
cavalry shield.
|
|
Parmè (GR)
|
usually round buckler.
|
|
Parmula (LA)
|
small round shield.
|
|
Pectorale (LA)
|
body armour.
|
|
Pecuarius (LA)
|
soldier attending to live stock.
|
|
Pedatura (LA)
|
infantry.
|
|
Pedes (LA)
|
foot soldier.
|
|
Pedes singularis (LA)
|
auxiliary infantry guardsman.
|
|
Peditatus (LA)
|
infantry.
|
|
Pelekophoros (GR)
|
axeman.
|
|
Pelekus (GR)
|
battle-axe or war hammer.
|
|
Pellis (LA)
|
animal skin.
|
|
Peltastès (GR)
|
skirmisher equipped with light shield.
|
|
Peltè (GR)
|
light shield.
|
|
Pentèrès (GR)
|
quinquereme; galley with five oarsmen on either two or three levels.
|
|
Peregrinus (LA)
|
(1) freeborn provincial without Roman citizenship; (2) soldier attached to castra peregrina (LA).
|
|
Perfuga (LA)
|
turncoat.
|
|
Perikephalaios (GR)
|
helmet.
|
|
Pes (LA)
|
foot; length unit of either 294 mm or 332 mm.
|
|
Petitor (LA)
|
equstrian requesting military posting.
|
|
Pezakontistès (GR)
|
infantry javelineer.
|
|
Pezos (GR)
|
infantryman.
|
|
Phalangarius (LA)
|
foot soldier trained in Macedonian phalanx tactics.
|
|
Phalangitès (GR)
|
infantry man in phalanx (GR).
|
|
Phalanx (GR)
|
(1) close formation of heavy armed infantry equipped with spears and round shields; (2) battle line; (3) legion.
|
|
Phalarica (LA)
|
spear.
|
|
Phalera (LA)
|
decorative disc.
|
|
Phalerae (LA)
|
set of discs used as military decorations.
|
|
Pharetra (LA/GR)
|
quiver.
|
|
Phederatos (GR)
|
allied soldier.
|
|
Phrouria (GR)
|
guard post.
|
|
Phrouros (GR)
|
guard.
|
|
Phylax (GR)
|
guard; sentry.
|
|
Phylax tès chooras (GR)
|
'guardian of the land'; militia soldier; police man.
|
|
Pia (LA)
|
dutiful.
|
|
Pilanus (LA)
|
equivalent for triarius (LA).
|
|
Pilos hysteros (GR)
|
centurion; Greek equivalent of pilus posterior (LA).
|
|
Pilleus Pannonicus (LA)
|
'Pannonian cap'; late Roman military cap.
|
|
Pilum (LA)
|
heavy javelin with long metal shank.
|
|
Pilum murale (LA)
|
'wall javelin'; term nowadays often incorrectly used to designate pallisade stakes.
|
|
Pilum praepilatum (LA)
|
training weapon tipped with a ball to prevent injury.
|
|
Pilus (LA)
|
equivalent for triarius (LA).
|
|
Pilus posterior (LA)
|
deputy to pilus prior (LA).
|
|
Pilus prior (LA)
|
centurion commanding a manipulus (LA) of pili (LA).
|
|
Pittakion (GR)
|
chit; warrant.
|
|
Pitulus (LA)
|
drummer; used on ships to set the pace for the rowers.
|
|
Planata (LA)
|
flat shield.
|
|
Plèrooma (GR)
|
ship's crew.
|
|
Plinthion (GR)
|
catapult frame.
|
|
Plumbata (LA)
|
lead weighted dart.
|
|
Pluteus (LA)
|
protective screen.
|
|
Poliorketès (GR)
|
besieger.
|
|
Poliorkia (GR)
|
siege.
|
|
Pomerium (LA)
|
sacred boundary of the city of Rome within which the wearing of war gear was prohibited.
|
|
Popanum (LA)
|
republican era cavalry shield shaped like a sacrifical cake.
|
|
Populus (LA)
|
'people'; part of the population with military service obligations, the people-in-arms.
|
|
Populus Romanus (LA)
|
'the Roman people'; Roman citizen body with service obligations.
|
|
Porta (LA)
|
gate.
|
|
Porta decumana (LA)
|
gate opposite porta praetoria (LA), originally near the spot where the tenth manipuli (LA) of an army were camped.
|
|
Porta praetoria (LA)
|
gate facing the enemy.
|
|
Porta principalis dextra (LA)
|
right side gate.
|
|
Porta principalis sinistra (LA)
|
left side gate.
|
|
Postsignanus (LA)
|
soldier fighting behind the standards; legionary heavy infantry soldier.
|
|
Praeco (LA)
|
herald.
|
|
Praeda (LA)
|
spoils; plunder.
|
|
Praefectus (LA)
|
'someone put at the front'; senior officer.
|
|
Praefectus alae (LA)
|
commander of a cavalry regiment.
|
|
Praefectus castrorum (LA)
|
camp commandant.
|
|
Praefectus cohortis (LA)
|
commander of a cohors (LA).
|
|
Praefectus classis (LA)
|
fleet commander.
|
|
Praefectus equitatus (LA)
|
cavalry commander.
|
|
Praefectus equitum (LA)
|
cavalry commander.
|
|
Praefectus fabrum (LA)
|
officer in charge of artisans.
|
|
Praefectus legionis (LA)
|
equestrian legionary commander.
|
|
Praefectus legionis agens vice legati (LA)
|
'prefect of the legion acting in place of the legate'; equestrian acting legionary commander.
|
|
Praefectus praetorio (LA)
|
'commander at the HQ'; equestrian commander of cohortes praetoriae (LA).
|
|
Praefectus ripae (LA)
|
officer in charge of stretch of river bank.
|
|
Praefectus semestris (LA)
|
auxiliary commander appointed for limited tour of six months.
|
|
Praefectus sociorum (LA)
|
Roman officer appointed to a command function in an ala sociorum (LA).
|
|
Praefectus statorum (LA)
|
officer in charge of military constabulary.
|
|
Praefectus tironum (LA)
|
officer in charge of recruits.
|
|
Praefectus urbanus (LA)
|
city prefect.
|
|
Praefectus vigilum (LA)
|
commander of the vigiles (LA).
|
|
Praemia (LA)
|
discharge benefits.
|
|
Praemia militiae (LA)
|
discharge benefits.
|
|
Praenomen imperatoris (LA)
|
first name of the emperor; all emperors carried Imperator, Commander-in-chief, as their praenomen (LA).
|
|
Praepositus (LA)
|
'someone placed at the front'; commander.
|
|
Praepositus copiarum (LA)
|
supply offical.
|
|
Praepositus horrei (LA)
|
official in charge of the granary.
|
|
Praepositus kampi (LA)
|
'commander of the training ground'; instructor.
|
|
Praeses (LA)
|
equestrian provincial governor.
|
|
Praesidium (LA)
|
military outpost; fort.
|
|
Praetensio (LA)
|
military post; fort.
|
|
Praetensione colligare (LA)
|
to fortify; to strengthen with military posts.
|
|
Praetentura (LA)
|
forward part of the camp in front of the praetorium (LA).
|
|
Praetor (LA)
|
'someone who walks at the front'; (1) senior Roman magistrate; during republic commander of minor military forces; (2) commander of allied contingent.
|
|
Praetorianus (LA)
|
soldier belonging to a cohors praetoria (LA).
|
|
Praetorium (LA)
|
commander's living quarters; HQ.
|
|
Praeventor (LA)
|
late Roman skirmisher.
|
|
Praiphektos (GR)
|
officer; Greek transliteration of praefectus (LA).
|
|
Praipositos (GR)
|
commander.
|
|
Prata legionis (LA)
|
fields or meadows reserved for the use of the legion.
|
|
Pretium annonae (LA)
|
ration allowance.
|
|
Pridianum (LA)
|
'first day report'; monthly or yearly strength report.
|
|
Primanus (LA)
|
soldier belonging to legio I.
|
|
Primicerius (LA)
|
late Roman officer; senior centurion.
|
|
Primipilaris (LA)
|
former primus pilus (LA).
|
|
Primiscrinius (LA)
|
senior administrator.
|
|
Primus ordo (LA)
|
'first officer'; centurion of the first cohort, whose officers outranked the other centuriones of the legion.
|
|
Primus pilus (LA)
|
'first spearman'; highest ranking legionary centurio (LA).
|
|
Primus pilus bis (LA)
|
'first spearman for the second time'; senior centurion serving a second stint.
|
|
Primus pilus iterum (LA)
|
centurion serving second term as primus pilus (LA).
|
|
Princeps (LA)
|
'leader'; (1) legionary heavy infantry soldier; (2) centurion in command of unit or administrative office.
|
|
Princeps castrorum (LA)
|
centurion in charge of a camp's administrative staff.
|
|
Princeps ordinarius vexillationis (LA)
|
centurion in command of a detachment.
|
|
Princeps peregrinorum (LA)
|
'commander of the foreigners'; centurio (LA) in charge of troops in the castra peregrina (LA).
|
|
Princeps posterior (LA)
|
deputy to princeps prior (LA).
|
|
Princeps praetorii (LA)
|
centurion attached to headquarters.
|
|
Princeps prior (LA)
|
centurion commanding a manipulus (LA) of principes (LA).
|
|
Principalis (LA)
|
NCO.
|
|
Principia (LA)
|
HQ building.
|
|
Privatus (LA)
|
citizen without official capacity.
|
|
Privatus cum imperio (LA)
|
citizen granted extraordinary powers without holding office as magistrate.
|
|
Privilegium (LA)
|
privilege, perk.
|
|
Probatio (LA)
|
examination.
|
|
Probatoria (LA)
|
enrolment document.
|
|
Probatus (LA)
|
recruit deemed fit for service.
|
|
Procinctus (LA)
|
military readiness.
|
|
Proconsul (LA)
|
former consul (LA) exercising similar imperium (LA) after his term of office; provincial governor.
|
|
Procurator (LA)
|
official of the emperor's administration.
|
|
Procursator (LA)
|
advanced skirmisher.
|
|
Proditor (LA)
|
traitor.
|
|
Proelium (LA)
|
combat.
|
|
Proletarius (LA)
|
Roman citizen unable to meet property requirements for military service.
|
|
Promachos (GR)
|
soldier belonging to the first battle line.
|
|
Propagator imperii (LA)
|
extender of the empire.
|
|
Propraetor (LA)
|
former praetor exercising similar imperium after his term of office; provincial governor.
|
|
Propugnator (LA)
|
'frontrank fighter';(1) elite soldier;(2) marine.
|
|
Proreta (LA)
|
assistant helmsman.
|
|
Protector (LA)
|
(1) bodyguard; (2) staff officer.
|
|
Protector divini lateris (LA)
|
late Roman staff officer.
|
|
Protector domesticus (LA)
|
'household bodyguard'; late Roman staff officer.
|
|
Protostasia (GR)
|
recruiting tax levied on landownership.
|
|
Provincia (LA)
|
province; area of responsibility.
|
|
Provincia inermis (LA)
|
'unarmed province'; province without a permanent legionary garrison.
|
|
Psilos (GR)
|
light infantryman.
|
|
Pterophoros (GR)
|
'feather bearer'; messenger.
|
|
Pteryges (GR)
|
'wings'; leather or linen strips for the protection of upper arms and thighs.
|
|
Pugio (LA)
|
dagger.
|
|
Pugna (LA)
|
fight; battle.
|
|
Pugnator (LA)
|
fighter; warrior.
|
|
Punctim ferire (LA)
|
to stab (with a sword).
|
|
Quadrata (LA)
|
rectangular shield.
|
|
Quadrieris (LA)
|
warship with four rowers on two levels.
|
|
Quadriga falcata (LA)
|
scythed chariot.
|
|
Quaestionarius (LA)
|
interrogator; torturer.
|
|
Quaestor (LA)
|
(1) state official with financial responsibilities; (2) soldier of financial administrative department.
|
|
Quarta militia (LA)
|
fourth equestrian military post involving command of an ala milliaria (LA).
|
|
Qui ordines sequentur (LA)
|
'the ones who follow the centurions'; the NCO's.
|
|
'Quincunx' (LA)
|
modern term for the chequerboard manipular battle order resembling the five dots on dice; note that this was NOT a term used by the ancient Romans for this type of battle deployment.
|
|
Quingenaria (LA)
|
five hundred strong.
|
|
Quinquatria (LA)
|
religious festival that opened campaigning season.
|
|
Quinqueremis (LA)
|
'fiver'; quinquereme; ship with five rowers on either two or three levels.
|
|
Rebellis (LA)
|
rebel; insurgent.
|
|
Receptio (LA)
|
'reception'; incorporation into the empire of barbarians across the borders.
|
|
Remansor (LA)
|
soldier left in camp.
|
|
Remex (LA)
|
oarsman.
|
|
Remus (LA)
|
oar.
|
|
Renuntium (LA)
|
report.
|
|
Retentura (LA)
|
rear part of a camp behind the praetorium (LA).
|
|
Retentus (LA)
|
soldier kept in service after serving required term.
|
|
Rhomphaia (GR)
|
sword; falchion.
|
|
Ripa (LA)
|
river bank.
|
|
Riparius (LA)
|
soldier belonging to late Roman frontier unit.
|
|
Rorarius (LA)
|
'attacker'; legionary skirmisher attached to units of triarii (LA).
|
|
Rostrum (LA)
|
ship's beak or ram.
|
|
Rudis (LA)
|
wooden practice sword.
|
|
Rufulus (LA)
|
officer picked by a commander. Named after the consul Rutilius Rufus.
|
|
Rumpia (LA)
|
slashing blade; falchion.
|
|
Saccus undecimus (LA)
|
'eleventh bag'; military burial fund.
|
|
Sacer (LA)
|
'sacred'; belonging to the emperor.
|
|
Sacer comitatus (LA)
|
'sacred following'; imperial field army.
|
|
Sacramentum (LA)
|
military oath.
|
|
Sagitta (LA)
|
arrow.
|
|
Sagitta ballistaria (LA)
|
catapult bolt.
|
|
Sagittarius (LA)
|
(1) archer; (2) arrow-maker.
|
|
Sagma (LA)
|
pack saddle.
|
|
Sagmarius (LA)
|
pack animal driver.
|
|
Sagum (LA)
|
cloak.
|
|
Sagularis (LA)
|
camp road running along the inside of the rampart.
|
|
Sagulum (LA)
|
cloak.
|
|
Salararius (LA)
|
soldier enjoying special service conditions; mercenary.
|
|
Salaratus (LA)
|
soldier enjoying special service conditions; mercenary.
|
|
Salgamum (LA)
|
extortion of goods or money, a common military practice.
|
|
Sambuca (LA)
|
covered assault ladder.
|
|
Salpinktès (GR)
|
trumpeter.
|
|
Salpinx (GR)
|
trumpet.
|
|
Sarcina (LA)
|
marching pack.
|
|
Sarissa (GR)
|
Macedonian pike.
|
|
Saunion (GR)
|
spear; javelin.
|
|
Scala (LA)
|
ladder.
|
|
Scamnum (LA)
|
partition of military camp.
|
|
Scamnum tribunorum (LA)
|
part of the camp used to house the tribuni (LA).
|
|
Scapha (LA)
|
scouting vessel.
|
|
Schastèria (GR)
|
catapult trigger mechanism.
|
|
Schola (LA)
|
(1) social club; (2) military unit.
|
|
Schola palatina (LA)
|
late Roman mounted imperial guard unit.
|
|
Schola principalium (LA)
|
NCO social club.
|
|
Scholarius (LA)
|
late Roman horse guard trooper.
|
|
Scola (LA)
|
(1) social club; (2) military unit.
|
|
Scola agentum in rebus (LA)
|
late Roman military intelligence unit.
|
|
Scopae (LA)
|
practice target.
|
|
Scordiscus militaris (LA)
|
saddle.
|
|
Scorpio (LA)
|
'scorpion'; (1) torsion gun; (2) artilleryman.
|
|
Scorpionarius (LA)
|
artilleryman.
|
|
Scriba (LA)
|
writer; clerk.
|
|
Scrinia (LA)
|
administrative office.
|
|
Scriniarius (LA)
|
administrative official; clerk.
|
|
Scurra (LA)
|
late Roman guardsman.
|
|
Scutarius (LA)
|
'shieldbearer'; (1) soldier equipped with large shield; (2) guardsman.
|
|
Scutatus (LA)
|
soldier equipped with larger sized shield.
|
|
Scutum (LA)
|
shield.
|
|
Scutum publicum (LA)
|
government issue shield.
|
|
Secutor (LA)
|
bodyguard; batman.
|
|
Semaforus (LA)
|
standardbearer.
|
|
Sèmeion (GR)
|
standard.
|
|
Sèmiaphoros (GR)
|
standardbearer.
|
|
Semispatha (LA)
|
short sword.
|
|
Semissalis (LA)
|
late Roman junior NCO.
|
|
Semivocale (LA)
|
musical signal.
|
|
Senator (LA)
|
(1) senator; member of Roman senate; (2) late Roman senior officer in the centurionate.
|
|
Seniores (LA)
|
'veterans'; late Roman unit that detached men to create the core of a Iuniores (LA) unit.
|
|
Sermo castrensis (LA)
|
'camp language'; military slang.
|
|
Serra (LA)
|
'saw'; serrated battle formation.
|
|
Sesquiplicarius (LA)
|
NCO on pay and a half.
|
|
Signa inferre (LA)
|
'to move the standards forward'; to advance, to attack.
|
|
Signaculum (LA)
|
lead identification disc worn by recruits.
|
|
Signatus (LA)
|
soldier that has been accepted for service.
|
|
Signifer (LA)
|
standardbearer.
|
|
Signifer princeps (LA)
|
senior standard bearer.
|
|
Signifer turmae (LA)
|
squadron standardbearer.
|
|
Signum (LA)
|
(1) standard; (2) identification tattoo worn by soldiers.
|
|
Simplaris (LA)
|
soldier on basic pay.
|
|
Singularis (LA)
|
'singled out', picked soldier.
|
|
Skorpioon (GR)
|
artilleryman.
|
|
Skouton (GR)
|
shield.
|
|
Skytalè (GR)
|
spike.
|
|
Socii (LA)
|
allies.
|
|
Socii navales (LA)
|
naval allies.
|
|
Socii Nominis Latini (LA)
|
'allies of the Latin name'; Latin league allies.
|
|
Socius (LA)
|
ally.
|
|
Solliferreum (LA)
|
javelin made wholly of iron.
|
|
Spatha (LA)
|
sword; often, but by no means invariably a sword with a long blade.
|
|
Spathè (GR)
|
sword.
|
|
Spathè makra (GR)
|
long sword.
|
|
Speculator (LA)
|
(1) scout/spy; (2) mounted legionary or praetorian serving as bodyguard and executioner.
|
|
Speculator Augusti (LA)
|
cavalryman attached to a praetorian cohort.
|
|
Speira (GR)
|
military unit.
|
|
Speira stratègis (GR)
|
Greek term for cohors praetoria (LA); unit of imperial guard.
|
|
Sphendonètès (GR)
|
slinger.
|
|
Spiculum (LA)
|
javelin; late Roman pilum successor.
|
|
Spina (LA)
|
reinforcing spine on shield.
|
|
Spolia (LA)
|
spoils; plunder.
|
|
Spolia opima (LA)
|
the plundered weapons and equipment of a conquered enemy champion or commander. To dedicate the spolia opima (LA) brought great prestige.
|
|
Spongia (LA)
|
Samnite triple disc body armour.
|
|
SPQR (LA)
|
acronym for S(enatus) P(opulus)Q(ue) R(omanus); the senate and people of Rome.
|
|
Statio (LA)
|
(1) military post; (2) tour of duty.
|
|
Statio expleta (LA)
|
completed tour of duty.
|
|
Statio frumentariorum (LA)
|
post of military intelligence service.
|
|
Statio vigilum (LA)
|
'watch post'; police post annex fire department station.
|
|
Stationarius (LA)
|
soldier stationed on outpost.
|
|
Statmouchos (GR)
|
(1) billeting official; (2) civilian housing soldiers.
|
|
Stator (LA)
|
military policeman.
|
|
Stellatura (LA)
|
deduction made by officer from a soldier's allowance.
|
|
Stephanos (GR)
|
helmet crest.
|
|
Stigma (GR)
|
mark, tattoo.
|
|
Stimulus (LA)
|
'goad'; type of defensive trap.
|
|
Stipendarius (LA)
|
soldier serving for pay.
|
|
Stipendiosus (LA)
|
soldier serving for pay.
|
|
Stipendium (LA)
|
(1) regular soldier's pay; (2) year of military service.
|
|
Stipendium centurionicum (LA)
|
year of service as centurion.
|
|
Stratarchès (GR)
|
legionary commander.
|
|
Strateia (GR)
|
(1) military service; (2) equestrian officer post; Greek equivalent of militia (LA).
|
|
Stratègos (GR)
|
commander; general.
|
|
Stratègos hypatos (GR)
|
'supreme commander'; Greek term for consul (LA).
|
|
Stratia (GR)
|
army.
|
|
Stratiè (GR)
|
(1) army; (2) legion.
|
|
Stratiootès (GR)
|
soldier.
|
|
Stratopedarchès (GR)
|
commander; Greek term for praefectus castrorum (LA).
|
|
Stratopedon (GR)
|
(1) camp; (2) legion.
|
|
Strator (LA)
|
soldier in charge of horse supply to the army.
|
|
Stratura (LA)
|
cavalry detachment.
|
|
Striga (LA)
|
pair of barracks housing a manipulus (LA).
|
|
Sub aquila (LA)
|
'under the eagle'; on active duty.
|
|
Sub cura (LA)
|
under the care of.
|
|
Sub signis (LA)
|
'under the standards'; in military service.
|
|
Sub vexillo (LA)
|
'under the flag'; veteran duty with lighter service.
|
|
Sub iugum missus (LA)
|
POW who passed under the yoke.
|
|
Subarmalis (LA)
|
(1) arming doublet; (2) type of spear, possibly a short javelin.
|
|
Suboptio (LA)
|
'under optio'; naval soldier subordinate to an optio (LA).
|
|
Subpraefectus (LA)
|
subordinate commander.
|
|
Subsidia (LA)
|
supporting troops; auxiliaries.
|
|
Subsignanus miles (LA)
|
soldier on active duty.
|
|
Sudis (LA)
|
stake.
|
|
Summus curator (LA)
|
senior administrator in charge of supply.
|
|
Suovetaurilia (LA)
|
sacrifice of a pig, sheep and bull.
|
|
Symmachos (GR)
|
ally.
|
|
Symmacharis (LA)
|
ally; auxiliary.
|
|
Symmachikon (GR)
|
allied or auxiliary force.
|
|
Symphoniacus (LA)
|
flute player; musician indicating the rowing speed on smaller war ships.
|
|
Synaspismos (GR)
|
(1) locked shields formation; (2) Greek term for testudo (LA).
|
|
Synedrion (GR)
|
military council.
|
|
Syntagma (GR)
|
military unit.
|
|
Synteleia tiroonoon (GR)
|
conscription levy.
|
|
Sysstratiootès (GR)
|
fellow soldier, brother-in-arms.
|
|
Tablifer (LA)
|
guard cavalry standard bearer.
|
|
Tabula ansata (LA)
|
winged board.
|
|
Tabularium (LA)
|
administrative department.
|
|
Tabularium equitum (LA)
|
administrative office of the legionary cavalry.
|
|
Tagma (GR)
|
military unit; term used by Josephus for legion.
|
|
Tarentinos (GR)
|
light cavalryman armed with javelins.
|
|
Taurus (LA)
|
bull, one of the five original standards of the legion.
|
|
Taxiarchos (GR)
|
senior military officer; used as equivalent of tribunus (LA).
|
|
Taxis (GR)
|
military unit.
|
|
Tector (LA)
|
cavalry trooper equipped with large shield.
|
|
Tegimentum (LA)
|
protective garment worn over armour.
|
|
Tegimentum scuti (LA)
|
protective shield cover.
|
|
Telos (GR)
|
military unit; word used by Josephus for legion.
|
|
Telum (LA)
|
missile.
|
|
Terebra (LA)
|
siege machine for drilling holes in walls.
|
|
Tèroon (GR)
|
recruit.
|
|
Territorium legionis (LA)
|
territory of the legion.
|
|
Tertius ordo (LA)
|
'third officer'; (1) centurion of the third cohort of a legion; (2) naval officer of uncertain rank.
|
|
Tès hippou stratègos (GR)
|
'general of the cavalry'; Greek term for magister equitum (LA), a senior late Roman commander.
|
|
Tessera (LA)
|
writing tablet.
|
|
Tesserarius (LA)
|
NCO in charge of the watchword.
|
|
Testamentum militare (LA)
|
military will; soldiers were granted the right to make a will that did not have to conform to all formal legal requirements.
|
|
Testudo (LA)
|
tortoise formation.
|
|
Thoorakitès (GR)
|
skirmisher equipped with body armour.
|
|
Thoracomachus (LA)
|
padded armour.
|
|
Thoorax (GR)
|
body armour.
|
|
Thyreophoros (GR)
|
'shieldbearer'; (1) any soldier equipped with body shield (2) light infantryman equipped with large shield in Hellenistic armies.
|
|
Thyreophoros lonchophoros (GR)
|
shieldbearing javelineer; legionary javelineer deployed in the four rear ranks of Arrian's battle formation.
|
|
Thyreos (GR)
|
large shield.
|
|
Thyreos epimèkès (GR)
|
oblong shield.
|
|
Tibiale (LA)
|
(1) legging; (2) greave.
|
|
Tiro (LA)
|
recruit.
|
|
Tirocinium (LA)
|
recruit's first campaign.
|
|
Titulum (LA)
|
stretch of wall and ditch in front of a marching camp gate.
|
|
Tolleno (LA)
|
siege crane.
|
|
Tonos (GR)
|
spring.
|
|
Tormentum (LA)
|
torsion gun.
|
|
Torques (LA)
|
neck ornament awarded as military decoration.
|
|
Tou tagmatos hippikon (GR)
|
legionary cavalry.
|
|
Toxotès (GR)
|
archer.
|
|
Toxon (GR)
|
bow.
|
|
Trabes (LA)
|
signalling device.
|
|
Tragularius (LA)
|
(1) javelineer; (2) archer.
|
|
Tragulum (LA)
|
missile.
|
|
Translatio (LA)
|
transfer.
|
|
Translatus (LA)
|
transferred soldier.
|
|
Transvectio equitum (LA)
|
annual parade in Rome by the equites Romani (LA) at which their horses and equipment were inspected.
|
|
Trecenarius (LA)
|
senior praetorian or legionary centurion of somewhat unclear status.
|
|
Tres militiae (LA)
|
the three postings of a full equestrian military career
|
|
Triarius (LA)
|
'third liner'; heavy legionary infantry soldier.
|
|
Triarius ordo (LA)
|
centurion of the triarii (LA) or pili (LA).
|
|
Triarius prior (LA)
|
senior centurion of a manipulus (LA) of the triarii (LA).
|
|
Triboli (LA)
|
caltrops.
|
|
Tribounos (GR)
|
Greek equivalent of tribunus (LA); senior officer.
|
|
Tribunal (LA)
|
raised platform in front of the HQ used for addressing the troops or administring justice.
|
|
Tribunus (LA)
|
senior officer.
|
|
Tribunus angusticlavius (LA)
|
'narrow striped officer'; equestrian legionary officer.
|
|
Tribunus cohortis (LA)
|
commander of auxiliary unit.
|
|
Tribunus cohortis urbanae (LA)
|
urban cohort commander.
|
|
Tribunus comitiatus (LA)
|
officer elected as tribunus militum (LA) by the comitia (LA).
|
|
Tribunus laticlavius (LA)
|
'broadstriped officer'; senatorial legionary officer.
|
|
Tribunus liburnarum (LA)
|
tribune in charge of ships.
|
|
Tribunus militum (LA)
|
'tribune of the soldiers'; senior legionary officer.
|
|
Tribunus militum a populo (LA)
|
'trubune of the soldiers by the people'; senior legionary officer appointed by popular assembly.
|
|
Tribunus Rufulus (LA)
|
'tribune of Rufus'; officer picked by the commander.
|
|
Tribunus sexmestris (LA)
|
'six month tribune'; tribune serving a tour of duty of only six months; note that there is absolutely no evidence at all to identify this officer as commander of the legionary cavalry as sometimes stated in modern literature.
|
|
Tribunus vacans (LA)
|
late Roman unassigned tribune; staff officer.
|
|
Trierarchus (LA)
|
naval officer; ship's captain, not necessarily of a trireme.
|
|
Trièrès (GR)
|
trireme; galley with single oarsmen on three levels.
|
|
Triremis (LA)
|
trireme; galley with single rowers on three levels.
|
|
Triumphalia ornamenta (LA)
|
the insignia of a triumphator (LA).
|
|
Triumphator (LA)
|
victorious army commander granted the right of holidng a triumphus (LA).
|
|
Triumphus (LA)
|
triumphal entry into the city of Rome; highest honour bestowed on victorious commander.
|
|
Tuba (LA)
|
trumpet.
|
|
Tubicen (LA)
|
trumpeter.
|
|
Tubicen princeps (LA)
|
senior trumpeter.
|
|
Tumultuarius (LA)
|
irregular auxiliary.
|
|
Tumultus (LA)
|
mobilisation.
|
|
Tunica (LA)
|
tunic.
|
|
Tunica palmata (LA)
|
gold embroidered purple garment worn by triumphator (LA).
|
|
Turarius (LA)
|
sacrificial official.
|
|
Turma (LA)
|
cavalry unit.
|
|
Turmalis (LA)
|
soldier belonging to a turma (LA); trooper.
|
|
Turris (LA)
|
tower.
|
|
Turris ambulatoria (LA)
|
mobile siege tower.
|
|
Turritus (LA)
|
turreted.
|
|
Tympanarios (GR)
|
drummer. Attested for the Byzantine army.
|
|
Ululatus (LA)
|
battle cry.
|
|
Ulpia (LA)
|
founded or reconstituted by emperor Marcus Ulpius Traianus.
|
|
Umbo (LA)
|
shieldboss.
|
|
Umerale (LA)
|
shoulder armour.
|
|
Urbanicianus (LA)
|
'city soldier'; soldier belonging to the cohortes urbanae (LA).
|
|
Usurpatio (LA)
|
rebellion.
|
|
Usurpator (LA)
|
rebel intent on seizing imperial power.
|
|
Utere felix (LA)
|
use with luck.
|
|
Vacatio munerum (LA)
|
exemption from fatigue duty.
|
|
Valetudinarium (LA)
|
hospital.
|
|
Vallum (LA)
|
wall.
|
|
Vehiculatio (LA)
|
imperial post system.
|
|
Vehiculum (LA)
|
cart; carriage.
|
|
Veles (LA)
|
'cloak wearer'; republican legionary skirmisher.
|
|
Venator (LA)
|
'hunter'; skirmisher.
|
|
Veredarius (LA)
|
courier.
|
|
Vericulum (LA)
|
small javelin.
|
|
Verutum (LA)
|
javelin.
|
|
Vestimentum (LA)
|
clothing.
|
|
Veteranus (LA)
|
veteran; discharged soldier.
|
|
Veterinarius (LA)
|
vet; animal doctor.
|
|
Vexillarius (LA)
|
(1) standardbearer; (2) soldier serving in a vexillatio (LA).
|
|
Vexillatio (LA)
|
detachment; provisional unit.
|
|
Vexillatio comitatensis (LA)
|
late Roman field army cavalry unit.
|
|
Vexillatio palatina (LA)
|
late Roman field army cavalry unit.
|
|
Vexillifer (LA)
|
standardbearer.
|
|
Vexillum (LA)
|
standard with a flag on a crossbar.
|
|
Vexillum veteranorum (LA)
|
unit of veterans awaiting discharge.
|
|
Via (LA)
|
road.
|
|
Via decumana (LA)
|
camp road leading to rear gate.
|
|
Via praetoria (LA)
|
camp road leading to porta praetoria (LA).
|
|
Via quintana (LA)
|
camp road passing the encampment of the fifth manipuli (LA); road dividing praetentura (LA) in half.
|
|
Via sagularis (LA)
|
road running along the inside of a wall.
|
|
Viaticum (LA)
|
'travelling money' ; pay for recruit's initial training period.
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Viator (LA)
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soldier on road patrol duty.
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Vicarius (LA)
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replacement; (1) recruit provided by conscript unwilling to serve in person; (2) lieutenant.
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Victimarius (LA)
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soldier in charge of sacrifical animals.
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Victoria (LA)
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victory.
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Victrix (LA)
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victorious.
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Vicus (LA)
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civilian settlement attached to military base.
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Vigilia (LA)
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watch.
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Vigilis (LA)
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watchman; member of the Roman fire brigade annex police force.
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Vinea (LA)
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protective screen.
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Vindex (LA)
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'avenger'; title awarded to loyal units in civil war.
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Vir militaris (LA)
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'military man'; equestrian or senator following a military career.
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Virtus (LA)
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manliness; courage; virtue.
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Vis (LA)
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violence; force.
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Vitis (LA)
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vine stick used as centurion's badge of office.
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Vocale (LA)
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verbal command.
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Volones (LA)
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freed slave volunteers.
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Voluntarius (LA)
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volunteer.
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Vulnus (LA)
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wound.
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Xenia barbarikè (GR)
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foreign mercenary unit.
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Xenos (GR)
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'foreigner'; mercenary.
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Xiphidion (GR)
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short sword; dagger.
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Xiphos (GR)
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sword.
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Xylokopia (GR)
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execution by means of cudgelling; Greek term for fustuarium (LA).
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Xyston (GR)
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spear; term in Bellum Judaicum for pilum (LA).
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Xystophoros (GR)
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spearbearer.
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