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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development of the Principate:
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Imperial administration developed, causing conflict with the Senate.
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Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars
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Our accounts of the personalities of the emperors
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Years of Tiberius's Reign
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Reign: 14-37 A.D.
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Tiberius's Ascent to the Princeps
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Suspicious deaths of Augustus’ possible heirs. Final choice of Livia’s son, Tiberius (of the Claudii). Rise to power at age of 56
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Livia
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Augustus's second wife.
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Germanicus
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Augustus’ chosen successor to Tiberius. Popoular grandson-in-law of Augustus (husband of Agrippina the Elder). Father of Caligula (little boots).
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Agrippina the Elder
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Daughter of Julia (daughter of Augustus), promoted children for princeps, death of Drusus
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Villa Jovis (Image)
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Tiberius's Capri retreat
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Sejanus
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Captain of Praetorian Guard, used as go-between from Tiberius in Capri to Senate in Rome, 31 A.D.: “conspiracy of Sejanus” revealed
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Tiberius's Legacy
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37 AD: Bitter and weird man, no proper provision of successor, but Empire left good order. Senate refused to deify Tiberius
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Years of Caligula (Gaius)'s Reign
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37-41 A.D
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Ships at Nemi (Images)
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Profligate spending by Caligula
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Drusilla
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Caligula may have had an incestuous relationship with his sister, either way he demanded the immediate deification of himself and her
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Political Issues During Caligula's Reign
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Grandiose plans for invasions of Germany and Britain, insults to Senate (horse consul), accusations of conspiracy leading to purge of Senate and property confiscations
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Assassination of Caligula
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41 A.D.: conspiracy to assassinate Caligula at circus games, wife and infant daughter murdered as well
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Years of Claudius's Reign
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41-54 A.D.
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Notable Events in Claudius's Reign
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Younger brother of Germanicus, organizes invasion of Britain in 44-43 A.D., building of harbor at Ostia, earning respect of Senate
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Messalina
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Mother of Britannicus by Claudius, engages in prostitution in the palace? Killed in 48: conspiracy to take over throne
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Agrippina the Younger
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Daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, son = Nero (by previous marriage), promotes son, Nero married to Claudius’ daughter, poisons Claudius in 54
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Years of Nero's Reign
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54-68 A.D.
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Transitory Period from Claudius to Nero
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Nero very young at time of succession (16)
Willing to listen to advice of others (Seneca) Good administration at first; liked by the people |
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How is America like the new Rome?
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Geopolitical superpowers (“accidental” expansion of empire)
+ Perception of invincibility + Dependence on military strength and problems in maintaining military superstructure + Opening of society to outsiders with concomitant problems: barbarians at the gates + Huge impact on various aspects of world culture (art, architecture, literature and other media, clothing, food, etc.) + Enormous gap between rich and poor + Privatization of the public sphere |
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How is America not like the new Rome?
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+ Does not control an empire (Patricia Schroeder: an empire means “political control exercised by one organized political unit over another unit separate from it and alien to it.“)
+ Economy in America much more diverse (Rome: exclusively agricultural) + America more intellectually innovative than Rome (cf. Greece) + America has more available energy (fossil fuels vs. wood and people power) + America has a higher life expectancy (average = 80 vs. Roman average of 35) + Pax Americana more valuable than Pax Romana ever was: provides positive leadership in many spheres for the entire world |
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Domus Aurea: Meaning, ownership, date, location and significance
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+ Nero’s Golden House, 64 A.D.
+ Underneath Baths of Trajan in Rome + Revolutionary architecture: Octagonal Room + Use of concrete for dome and vaulting |
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Colosseum: Location, builder, structural notabilities,
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+ Built over lake from Domus Aurea by Vespasian
+ Elaborate structural system with arched passageways crossing at right angles: groin vaults + Substructure (hypogeum) and velarium |
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Groin vaults
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Elaborate structural system with arched passageways crossing at right angles
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Colosseum: Column facts
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+ Exterior with Greek columns: Doric (1st floor), Ionic (2nd floor), Corinthian (3rd floor), Corinthian pilasters (4th floor)
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Something
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Built by Domitian in Campus Martius
+ First permanent athletic stadium in Rome + Campus Agonis = Piazza Navona + Church of St. Agnese in Agone |
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Flavian Palace
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Built by Domitian on top of Palatine Hill overlooking the Circus Maximus
+ Public audience halls = Domus Flavia + Private quarters = Domus Augustana + Use of octagons as architectural spaces + Elaborate decoration |
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Arch of Titus
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+ Erected by Domitian and SPQR to commemorate deified Titus, commemorates victory in battle
+ Menorah Procession + Apotheosis of Titus + Variation in depth, use of illusionism + Mixing of human and divine in public monument in Rome itself |
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Something
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From grotto at Tiberius’ villa at Sperlonga
Adventures of Odysseus Influence of “Hellenistic baroque”: deep human emotion and suffering |
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Something
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+ Reliefs sometimes associated with Ara Pietatis Augustae
+ Sacrifice in front of temple + Deep relief |
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Something
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Sebasteion: shrine of imperial cult, Aphrodisias, Turkey
mid 1st c. A.D. + Portico with sculptural reliefs in between columns + Imperial family, mythical, allegorical figures + Dramatic tension of faces and bodies: “baroque” style |
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Something
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+ Originally part of large frieze that decorated altar base
+ Profectio: Domitian setting out on military expedition + Re-carving of portrait of Domitian as Nerva + Adventus: Vespasian received by Domitian in Rome Less illusionism than Arch of Titus reliefs |
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Something
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+ Funerary relief commissioned by private family
+ Tradition of plebeian art: proliferation of details |
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4th Style
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Scenographic decoration
Extensive use of white Architectural frames and vistas (2nd Style) Flimsy fantastic architectural forms and elaborate ornamental motifs (3rd Style) |
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Domenico Fontana
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1860-1875
Guiding principles for scientific excavation |
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Pompeii
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One of best preserved monuments in Roman Forum
Commemorates victory over Parthians Largely plebeian style Stubby figures Frontality Mixed perspective |
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Tetrapylon at main crossing
Broken pediment Frontality and stiffness in reliefs Mixed perspective Chiaroscuro effect |
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Forum with high walls, interior portico, and temple
Basilica with pilasters with “peopled scrolls” |
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Palmyrene art from 1st c. B.C. to 3rd c. A.D.
Highpoint: 3rd c. A.D. (Zenobia) Reliefs from large family tomb chambers High relief Portraits with formal elements (frontality, pattern) |
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Blackish sandstone
Arches combined with attached columns Rounded towers at end |
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Frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium, natatio
Palaestrae on either side Elaborate decoration |
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Battle sarcophagus
‘Portrait head of general Chiaroscuro effects Writhing movement Emotion in faces of barbarians |
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Residential complex on steep hill near city center
Wall paintings of 1st – 3rd c. A.D. Focus on rectangular frameworks Closed wall: blocks of color |
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Largest and best preserved
Santa Maria degli Angeli |
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Fortress-like: double gates
Colonnaded street with peristyle and imperial entrance Predecessor of medieval palace |
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On Via Egnatia
Connected to Mausoleum of Galerius Tetrapylon form Campaigns against Persians Done by carvers of sarcophagi? Large marble slabs with closed ends |
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Name the Julio-Claudian Dynasty in order.
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Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero,
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Name the unsuccessful usurpers from the Year of the Four Emperors along with their realms of support. What incident did this time of unrest stem from?
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Nero's assassination/suicide. Galba (Spain), Otho (Praetorian Guard appointee) and Vitellius (Germany)
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Name the Flavian Dynasty in order.
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Vespasian, Titus, Domitian
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Name the Nervan-Antonian Dynasty in order.
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Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus
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Name the emperors in the Year of the Five Emperors along with their realms of support. What incident did this time of unrest stem from?
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Pertinax (Praetorian Guard appointee), Emperor Didius Julianus (won auction for position), Niger, Albinus, Septimius Severus (winner, seized power with Pannonian legions)
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Name the Severan Dynasty in order.
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Septimius Severus, Caracalla + Geta, Caracalla, Macrinus and Diadumenian, Elagabalus, Severus Alexander
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Diocletian: Dates, origins, rise to power
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285-305 A.D., Dalmatian lower class, chosen by Eastern armies,
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Domitian shared power with Illyrian general Maximianus
Entrusted with Gaul, title of Caesar Subdued Gallic revolt, title of Augustus |
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Augusti:
+ Diocletian: East: Turkey, Egypt + Maximianus: West: Italy, Africa Caesars: + Galerius: Northeast: Danube/Greece + Constantius Chlorus: Northwest: Gaul Caesars married to daughters of Augusti 4 Regions (12 Dioceses |
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What did the Principate change into during Diocletian's reign?
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From Principate to Dominate
Diocletian = Dominus (Lord) |
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How did Diocletian's governmental approach change in the East?
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Autocracy: Ceremonial appropriate to Eastern king
Divine Kingship: Diocletian = Jovian (rep. of Jupiter) Maximianus = Hercules |
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305: Diocletian retires to palace at Split, Maximianus also retires, Need to reconstitute Tetrarchy
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Constantine and Maxentius
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Unhappy sons of Augusti:
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Battle of Milvian Bridge
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Constantine vs. Maxemntius in Italy, converts to Christianity
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The Chi-Rho Labarum
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Military standard formed from the first two Greek letters of the word "Christ" first used by the Roman emperor Constantine I.
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Edict of Milan
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Imperial “edict” of Constantine and Licinius
Legalized the practice of Christianity across the Empire (313 A.D.) |
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Movement of imperial capital to Byzantium (330)
Constantinople = New Rome Hagia Sophia |
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Notable Constantine facts
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Importance of Constantine
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Transformation of Roman into Byzantine Empire
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Last member of Constantinian dynasty
Attempted to revive traditional religion (“paganism”) Interest in Neoplatonism and theurgy |
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Theodosius
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410 A.D.
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452 A.D.
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Last Western emperor?
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Justinian
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When was Constantinople sacked and by whom?
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