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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four major characteristics of modern chronic disease?
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-Malfunction of a physiological process
-Incurable -Controllable -Multiple etiology |
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What is a main difference between modern chronic disease and disease of the past?
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In the past one was either sick or healthy, now modern chronic disease has people in a continuum from health to disease.
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What is modern chronic disease?
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A malfunction in a physiological process.
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Out of 2600 diseases identified how many are classified as curable by the CDC?
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500
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The interaction of what two factors contributes most to the etiology of modern chronic disease?
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Genetics and lifestyle
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Lifestyle accounts for _________% of disease and genetics accounts for ________% of disease.
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51% lifestyle
49% genetics |
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True or False
For most diseases one must first have the genetic predisposition for the disease. |
TRUE
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The lifestyle factors that determine whether a disease will manifest early or late in life are...
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-Nutrition
-Diet -Smoking -Stress -Physical inactivity |
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_______ is the kind or quality of the food eaten.
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Nutrition
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_______ is the approach to consuming food.
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Diet
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What can have the largest impact on health improvement of the world?
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Smoking cessation
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Research methods include what three things?
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-Case Studies
-Epidemiology -Clinical Trials |
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What is epidemiology?
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The study of the interaction between a disease and the disease causing factors in large populations.
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Interactions between the host, agent, and environment are investigated through what two ways?
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Incidence studies and prevalence studies.
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What are more prevalent incidence or prevalence studies in epidemiology?
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Incidence studies are more prevalent.
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What is selection vs. protection?
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The idea that selection means that healthy people are just simply healthy enough to exercise whereas protection means that exercise truly prevents disease.
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What are experimental designs which attempt to isolate cause and effect?
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Clinical trials or intervention studies.
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________ ________ would be found in rehabilitation or disease treatment studies.
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Clinical trials
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________ ________ would be found in prevention studies.
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Intervention studies
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What is the definition of physical activity?
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Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction that results in increased energy expenditure.
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What is the definition of exercise?
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Planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more component of fitness.
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True or false.
Exercise can be considered to be physical activity. |
True
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Does physical activity contribute to improved physical fitness?
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No, low intensity activities do not improve physical fitness.
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Exercise is a _______ variable that can be described by mode, frequency, _______, and _______.
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multidimensional variable
duration and intensity. |
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The general categories of assessment tools for the measurement of physical activity include what seven factors?
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-Calorimetry
-Job Classification -Survey -Physical markers -Behavioral Observation -Mechanical/Electrical Monitors -Dietary Measures |
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Criteria for good measures of physical activity should demonstrate:
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-Validity
-Reliability -Practicality -Non-Reactivity |
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What appears to be just as strong as high cholesterol, high BP, smoking, family HX, BG, and BMI in all cause mortality in the Blair clinical trial?
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Physical inactivity
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True or False:
Very little change in physical fitness can make a significant reduction in risk of disease. |
TRUE
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Physical inactivity is directly related to what?
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Disease
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True or false:
Changing from unfit to fit reduces the risk of all-cause mortality according to Blair and Paffenbarger. |
True
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What are the top ten deaths in the US, and what is the common underlying disease for all of these?
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-Cardiovascular disease
-Neoplasm -Cerebrovascular disease -Pulmonary -Accident -Pneumonia/influenza -Diabetes -Suicide -Kidney disease -Liver disease OBESITY |
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True or False:
The amount of physical activity to produce a health benefit may not produce a fitness benefit. |
TRUE
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What is arteriosclerosis?
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The process of the hardening of the arteries.
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What is atherosclerosis?
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A specific type of arteriosclerosis. The accumulation of lipids in the walls of the arteries.
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What are the three specific resulting diseases of atherosclerosis?
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-Coronary arteries: Coronary heart disease
-Cerebral arteries: Cerebrovascular disease -Femoral arteries: Peripheral vascular disease |
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What is the leading cause of death in the US?
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Cardiovascular disease
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Do men or women have a higher prevalence of CVD?
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Men
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What diseases make up the category CVD?
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-Coronary artery disease (most prevalent)
-Stroke -Congestive heart failure -High blood pressure -Peripheral artery disease |
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_____ _____of CVD has been dropping but _____ has actually been increasing due to medical management of the disease.
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Death rates; prevalence
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What are the four stages of the natural history of atherosclerosis?
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1. Clean artery
2. Fatty streaks 3. Fibrous plaque 4. Clinical lesion |
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What are the six controllable and three uncontrollable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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Controllable:
High BP High chol >200 total <35 HDL >130 LDL Smoking Obesity BMI> 30 Diabetes Physical inactivity Uncontrollable: Family HX Age Sex |
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What are the functions of the endothelium?
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-Protect the intima and media from foreign invaders.
-Provide anti-coagulant properties for platelets on the endothelial wall. -Prevent adhesion of leukocytes or platelets to the wall of the artery. -Control of tissue permeability, allowing specific molecules to pass through the endothelium (i.e. LDL) -Production of vasoactive molecules. |
