Rogers 12-17-07 Review Gi Histopath Stomach

Front 1

The glands are formed of mucous neck cells located at the top, p_______ cells located in the middle and c____ cells located at the bottom.

Back 1

The glands are formed of mucous neck cells located at the top, parietal cells located in the middle and chief cells located at the bottom.

Front 2

Mucous neck cells produce _____ which coats the surface epithelium.
Parietal cells produce ____________ ____
Chief cells produce p_________

Back 2

Mucous neck cells produce mucus which coats the surface epithelium.
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid
Chief cells produce pepsinogen

Front 3

Gastric areas (mam________ areas). Close visual inspection shows that the mucosa is divided by furrows into small irregular elevations, 1-6 microm in diameter. These are the gastric areas

Back 3

Gastric areas (mammillated areas). Close visual inspection shows that the mucosa is divided by furrows into small irregular elevations, 1-6 microm in diameter. These are the gastric areas

Front 4

Gastric pits (_____lae). Inspection of the stomach mucosa with a magnifying glass shows the surface of each gastric area to be studded with minute depressions, the gastric pits. In the pylorus, the pits extend downward to about one-half the thickness of the mucosa; in the cardia, corpus and fundus, the pits occupy only one-fourth the thickness of the mucosa

Back 4

Gastric pits (foveolae). Inspection of the stomach mucosa with a magnifying glass shows the surface of each gastric area to be studded with minute depressions, the gastric pits. In the pylorus, the pits extend downward to about one-half the thickness of the mucosa; in the cardia, corpus and fundus, the pits occupy only one-fourth the thickness of the mucosa

Front 5

Surface epithelium and epithelium of gastric pits. The __________ ____ epithelium, which lines the luminal surface of the stomach, also extends down to line the gastric pits.

Back 5

Surface epithelium and epithelium of gastric pits. The simple columnar epithelium, which lines the luminal surface of the stomach, also extends down to line the gastric pits.

Front 6

3 types of pit in the stomach

Back 6

Cardiac
Gastric (fundic)
Pyloric

Front 7

The most abundant epithelial cells are ______ cells, which cover the entire lumenal surface and extend down into the glands as "mucous neck cells"

Back 7

The most abundant epithelial cells are mucous cells, which cover the entire lumenal surface and extend down into the glands as "mucous neck cells"

Front 8

Mucous cells secrete a ___________-rich mucus that coats and lubricates the gastric surface, and serves an important role in protecting the epithelium from acid and other chemical insults.

Back 8

Mucous cells secrete a bicarbonate-rich mucus that coats and lubricates the gastric surface, and serves an important role in protecting the epithelium from acid and other chemical insults.

Front 9

Hydrochloric acid is secreted from parietal cells into the lumen where it establishes an extremely acidic environment. This acid is important for activation of __________ and inactivation of ingested microorganisms such as bacteria

Back 9

Hydrochloric acid is secreted from parietal cells into the lumen where it establishes an extremely acidic environment. This acid is important for activation of pepsinogen and inactivation of ingested microorganisms such as bacteria

Front 10

Once secreted, pepsinogen is activated by stomach acid into the active p_______ pepsin, which is largely responsible for the stomach's ability to initiate digestion of proteins

Back 10

Once secreted, pepsinogen is activated by stomach acid into the active protease pepsin, which is largely responsible for the stomach's ability to initiate digestion of proteins

Front 11

The principle hormone secreted from the gastric epithelium is _______, a peptide that is important in control of acid secretion and gastric motility

Back 11

The principle hormone secreted from the gastric epithelium is gastrin, a peptide that is important in control of acid secretion and gastric motility

Front 12

The structure and cellular composition of the surface epithelium (simple, tall ________) does not change throughout the stomach

Back 12

The structure and cellular composition of the surface epithelium (simple, tall columnar) does not change throughout the stomach

Front 13

The surface epithelium is renewed approximately every _____ day

Back 13

The surface epithelium is renewed approximately every third day

Front 14

The source of the new surface epithelium cells is the i______, i.e. the upper part of the neck, of the gastric glands, where cells divide and then migrate towards the surface epithelium and differentiate into mature epithelial cells

Back 14

The source of the new surface epithelium cells is the isthmus, i.e. the upper part of the neck, of the gastric glands, where cells divide and then migrate towards the surface epithelium and differentiate into mature epithelial cells

Front 15

(1) the surface mucous cells lining the pit
(2) the mucous neck cells located at the opening of the gastric gland into the pit
Both cells produce m_____, glycoproteins with high molecular mass

Back 15

(1) the surface mucous cells lining the pit
(2) the mucous neck cells located at the opening of the gastric gland into the pit
Both cells produce mucins, glycoproteins with high molecular mass

Front 16

Parietal cells produce the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice and i________ factor, a glycoprotein that binds to vitamin ___

Back 16

Parietal cells produce the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice and intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein that binds to vitamin B12

Front 17

Vitamin B12 binds in the stomach to the transporting binding protein i________ factor

Back 17

Vitamin B12 binds in the stomach to the transporting binding protein intrinsic factor

Front 18

In the small intestine, the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex binds to intrinsic factor receptor on the surface of e___________ in the ileum and is transported to the liver through the portal circulation

Back 18

In the small intestine, the vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex binds to intrinsic factor receptor on the surface of enterocytes in the ileum and is transported to the liver through the portal circulation

Front 19

The parasympathetic mediator a_____________ and the peptide g______, produced by enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric antrum, stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCl

Back 19

The parasympathetic mediator acetylcholine and the peptide gastrin, produced by enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric antrum, stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCl

Front 20

Acetylcholine also stimulates the release of g______

Back 20

Acetylcholine also stimulates the release of gastrin

Front 21

_________ potentiates the effects of acetylcholine and gastrin on parietal cell secretion after binding to the histamine H2 receptor

Back 21

Histamine potentiates the effects of acetylcholine and gastrin on parietal cell secretion after binding to the histamine H2 receptor

Front 22

Histamine is produced by e_______________-____ _____ cells within the lamina propria surrounding the gastric glands

Back 22

Histamine is produced by enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells within the lamina propria surrounding the gastric glands

Front 23

C_________ is an H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits histamine-dependent acid secretion

Back 23

Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits histamine-dependent acid secretion

Front 24

O_________ with binding affinity to H+,K+-dependent ATPase, inactivates acid secretion and is an effective agent in the treatment of peptic ulcer

Back 24

Omeprazole with binding affinity to H+,K+-dependent ATPase, inactivates acid secretion and is an effective agent in the treatment of peptic ulcer

Front 25

Peptide hormones are synthesized by g_____e_____e________ cells dispersed throughout the mucosa from the stomach through the colon

Back 25

Peptide hormones are synthesized by gastroenteroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the mucosa from the stomach through the colon

Front 26

The population of g____________________ cells is so large that the gastrointestinal segment is regarded as the largest endocrine organ in the body

Back 26

The population of gastroenteroendocrine cells is so large that the gastrointestinal segment is regarded as the largest endocrine organ in the body

Front 27

Auto______ _____itis is caused by autoantibodies to H+,K+-dependent ATPase, a parietal cell antigen, and intrinsic factor

Back 27

Autoimmune gastritis is caused by autoantibodies to H+,K+-dependent ATPase, a parietal cell antigen, and intrinsic factor

Front 28

Destruction of parietal cells causes a reduction in hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice (a___________) and a lack of synthesis of intrinsic factor

Back 28

Destruction of parietal cells causes a reduction in hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice (achlorhydria) and a lack of synthesis of intrinsic factor

Front 29

The resulting vitamin B12 deficiency disrupts the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to a condition known as pernicious anemia, identified by examination of peripheral blood as _____________ anemia characterized by macrocytic red blood cells and hyper_________ large neutrophils

Back 29

The resulting vitamin B12 deficiency disrupts the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to a condition known as pernicious anemia, identified by examination of peripheral blood as megaloblastic anemia characterized by macrocytic red blood cells and hypersegmented large neutrophils

Front 30

Chief cells predominate in the _____ third of the gastric gland
Chief cells are not present in c______ glands and are seldom found in the pyloric a_____

Back 30

Chief cells predominate in the lower third of the gastric gland
Chief cells are not present in cardiac glands and are seldom found in the pyloric antrum

Front 31

Chief cells have a structural similarity to the zymogenic cells of the exocrine p________: the basal region of the cytoplasm contains an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 31

Chief cells have a structural similarity to the zymogenic cells of the exocrine pancreas: the basal region of the cytoplasm contains an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 32

Pepsinogen, a proenzyme stored in the z______ granules, is released into the lumen of the gland and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme capable of digesting most p_______

Back 32

Pepsinogen, a proenzyme stored in the zymogen granules, is released into the lumen of the gland and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme capable of digesting most proteins

Front 33

by far the most numerous type of gastric gland is the f_____ gland

They produce the bulk of secretions in the stomach

Back 33

by far the most numerous type of gastric gland is the fundic gland

They produce the bulk of secretions in the stomach

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Front 37

Pyloric glands differ from the cardiac and
gastric glands in the following layers:
(1) the gastric pits, or foveolae, are deeper and extend halfway through the depth of the ______
(2) ______ glands have a larger lumen and are highly branched

Back 37

Pyloric glands differ from the cardiac and
gastric glands in the following layers:
(1) the gastric pits, or foveolae, are deeper and extend halfway through the depth of the mucosa
(2) pyloric glands have a larger lumen and are highly branched

Front 38

The predominant epithelial cell type of the _______ gland is a mucus-secreting cell that resembles the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands

Back 38

The predominant epithelial cell type of the pyloric gland is a mucus-secreting cell that resembles the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands

Front 39

The predominant epithelial cell type of the pyloric gland is a mucus-secreting cell that resembles the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands
Most of the cell contains large and pale secretory mucus and secretory granules containing l_______, a bacterial lytic enzyme
Occasionally, parietal cells can be found in the pyloric glands
Enteroendocrine cells, g______-secreting _ cells in particular, are abundant in the antrum pyloric region
L_______ nodules can be seen in the lamina propria.

Back 39

The predominant epithelial cell type of the pyloric gland is a mucus-secreting cell that resembles the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands
Most of the cell contains large and pale secretory mucus and secretory granules containing lysozyme, a bacterial lytic enzyme
Occasionally, parietal cells can be found in the pyloric glands
Enteroendocrine cells, gastrin-secreting G cells in particular, are abundant in the antrum pyloric region
Lymphoid nodules can be seen in the lamina propria.

Front 40

Here is an image of the Pyloric Stomach. The red arrow is pointing to it's ______, the green arrow is pointing to the _________, the yellow arrow is pointing to the M_________ ______, and the blue arrow is pointing to the Muscularis _______. The black arrows are pointing to the characteristic of the pyloric stomach that is an important hint at identifying it, and that is the ____ Gastric ____.

Back 40

Here is an image of the Pyloric Stomach. The red arrow is pointing to it's Mucosa, the green arrow is pointing to the Submucosa, the yellow arrow is pointing to the Muscularis Mucosa, and the blue arrow is pointing to the Muscularis Externa. The black arrows are pointing to the characteristic of the pyloric stomach that is an important hint at identifying it, and that is the Deep Gastric Pits.

Front 41

This is a closer look at the Gastric ____ of the pyloric stomach, indicated by the blue arrows. Notice how ____ they go, compared to the other two sections of the stomach we have seen. This is the clue to identify the _______ stomach

Back 41

This is a closer look at the Gastric Pits of the pyloric stomach, indicated by the blue arrows. Notice how deep they go, compared to the other two sections of the stomach we have seen. This is the clue to identify the pyloric stomach

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