Rocks

Front 1

What are the two main types of Weathering?

Back 1

1 - Mechanical

2 - Chemical

Front 2

Name five examples of Mechanical Weathering

Back 2

1 - Frost Wedging

2 - Exfoliation

3 - Abrasion

4 - Biological

5 - Gravity

Front 3

Name two types of Chemical Weathering

Back 3

1 - Carbonic Acid

2 - Oxidation

Front 4

Weathering of Rocks can be driven by:

Back 4

energy from the sun drives water cycle and creates weather

Front 5

The rate of weathering can be affected by:

Back 5

1 - Surface area of the rock

2 - Composition of the rock

3 - Climate conditions

Front 6

what is Erosion?

Back 6

a process that transports solids under the force of gravity

Front 7

name three agents of erosion:

Back 7

1 - water

2 - wind

3 - ice

Front 8

With regard to Chemical Weathering, explain Carbonic Acid

Back 8

carbon dioxide dissolved in water forms carbonic acid, which reacts with minerals in the rocks and breaks them down

Front 9

With regard to Chemical Weathering, explain Oxidation

Back 9

Oxygen in the air can combine with minerals in the rocks. When iron reacts to oxygen it makes iron-oxide (rust). Softens and weakens the rock which crumbles easily.

Front 10

With regard to Mechanical Weathering, explain Biological

Back 10

Plants can move rocks with their roots as the grown between cracks and expand. Burrowing animals can also help move rocks from under the surface.

Front 11

With regard to Mechanical Weathering, explain Abrasion

Back 11

Wind, rivers, glaciers, waves can all pick up small rocks, sand and other particles and scrape them against other rocks. This wears away at the surface making them smoother.

Front 12

With regard to Mechanical Weathering, explain Exfoliation

Back 12

When large amounts of overlying rock or ice are gone the rock underneath experiences less pressure, and so it can expand. This can cause sheets of rock to peel off.

Front 13

With regard to Mechanical Weathering, explain Frost Wedging

Back 13

When water gets into cracks in rocks and freezes, it expands and can cause the rocks to crack and break. Freeze-Thaw cycle.

Front 14

With regard to the Rate of Weathering, explain Surface Area

Back 14

Smaller pieces of rock show more surface area and so more weathering can occur.

Front 15

With regard to the Rate of Weathering, explain Composition

Back 15

What minerals make up the rocks?

Quartz is hard, calcite is soft.

Front 16

With regard to the Rate of Weathering, explain Climate

Back 16

1 - Warm / Humid Climates create more weathering of both kinds

2 - Cold / Dry Climates create more mechanical weathering

Front 17

With regard to the layers of the Earth and their relative thickness, the Mantel is the __________ part of the earth, followed by the __________, and then the ___________.

Back 17

Mantel = Thickest

Core

Crust = thinnest

Front 18

With regard to the layers of the Earth and their relative temperatures, the __________ is the hottest part of the earth, followed by the __________, and then the ___________.

Back 18

Core = Hottest

Mantel

Crust = Coolest

Front 19

What is the source of the internal heat of the Earth?

Back 19

The Earth's internal source of heat is the Core, and result from radioactive decay, the tidal forces, and the leftover heat.

Front 20

What are the three mechanisms or driving forces behind plate movements?

Back 20

1 - Convection Currents

2 - Slab pull

3 - Ridge Push

Front 21

What are the associated formations of collision boundaries?

Back 21

Mountains

Island Arcs

Volcanoes

Subduction Zones

Trenches

Mid-Ocean Ridges

Front 22

Name three types of Plate Boundaries:

Back 22

1 - Transvergent

2 - Divergent

3 - Convergent

Front 23

With respect to Plate Boundaries, give an example of a Convergent boundary:

Back 23

Plates are colliding

Continent to Continent - Mountain Range

Front 24

With respect to Plate Boundaries, give an example of a Divergent boundary:

Back 24

Plates are moving away from each other

Ocean Ridge

Front 25

With respect to Plate Boundaries, give an example of a Transvergent boundary:

Back 25

Plates are sliding past each other

Fault Line (earthquakes)

Front 26

A Trench is an example of a _________

Back 26

Subduction Zone

Front 27

Acid Rain Forms when ____________

Back 27

Pollution mixes with Rain.

The acid then dissolves soft rocks such as limestone, calcite and marble.

Front 28

What is the Ring of Fire? Where is it? Why does it occur?

Back 28

It is a zone of destruction that surrounds the Pacific Ocean. It is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanoes occur. The Ring of Fire occurs because there is a large number of trenches and plate movement.

Front 29

Give examples and evidence for Continental Drift:

Back 29

1 - All Continents seem to fit together

2 - Same Glacier deposits on different continents

3 - Animals and plants look the same on different continents

4 - Mountain Ranges (India)

Front 30

Give examples and evidence for Seafloor Spreading:

Back 30

1 - Mid-Ocean Ridge

2 - Rocks are the same age on either side of the ridge zone

3 - Rocks have the same magnetization on either side to the spreading zone

Front 31

What are three types of Rocks?

Back 31

1 - Igneous

2 - Metamorphic

3 - Sedimentary

Front 32

Define Igneous rock and how it is formed:

Back 32

Igneous rock is the original rock of the earth.

Igneous rock is formed when magma cools and solidifies, it may do this above (extrusive) or below (intrusive) the Earth's surface.

Magma can be forced into rocks, blown out in volcanic explosions or forced to the surface as lava.

Front 33

What kind of crystals will intrusive igneous rock have? Give an example.

Back 33

Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface, and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form.

Granite (makes up a lot of the crust)

Front 34

What kind of crystals will extrusive igneous rock have? Give an example.

Back 34

Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool quickly to form small crystals.

Lava

Basalt on the Ocean Floor

Front 35

Define Metamorphic rock and how it is formed:

Back 35

A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a pre-existing rock.

The original rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical changes.

Examples of these rock-types include marble, slate, gneiss, schist.

Front 36

What are the two types of Metamorphic Rock?

Back 36

1 - Foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist, and slate have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure.

2 - Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as marble and quartzite do not have a layered or banded appearance.

Front 37

What are the three types of Sedimentary rocks and how are they formed?

Back 37

1 - Detrital/Clastic: your basic sedimentary rock, such as deposits from erosion or flooding.

2 - Chemical: many of these form when standing water evaporates, leaving dissolved minerals behind.

3 - Biological/Organic: any accumulation of sedimentary debris caused by organic processes (such as generations of oysters leaving layers of shells behind).

Front 38

What will Sedimentary rock have in it that no other rock forms will have?

Back 38

Fossils

This is because heat and pressure are not as large of a role in the formation of these rocks (otherwise the fossils would melt to their mineral forms).

Front 39

What are the three processes in the rock cycle?

Back 39

The Rock Cycle is a group of changes.

1 - Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock.

2 - Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock.

3 - Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.

Front 40

Describe the Rock Cycle:

Back 40

Front 41

How would a Metamorphic or Igneous rock form into a Sedimentary rock?

Back 41

Weathering

Front 42

How would Metamorphic and Sedimentary rock form into Igneous rock?

Back 42

Burial and melting

Front 43

How would Igneous Rock form into Metamorphic rock?

Back 43

Heat and Pressure

Front 44

How would Sedimentary rock be transformed into Sedimentary rock?

Back 44

Weathering and Erosion breaks it down into movable particles, then compaction and cementing puts it back together.