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24 Cards in this Set

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18 GRANITE
phaneritic, felsic igneous rock; sometimes porphyritic with large
orthoclase crystals; intrusive origin; look for quartz and orthoclase (but note that
orthoclase is not always pink).
SANDSTONE-
-clastic sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized quartz grains; most
quartz sandstones contain highly rounded grains; will scratch glass if strongly
cemented.
SCHIST
-Foliated, phaneritic metamorphic rock containing primarily one type of
mineral (muscovite, biotite, or amphibole); sometimes dominated by muscovite mica
with ‘chocolate chips’ of garnet.
CONGLOMERATE
Clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded pebbles and
gravel (a pebble is anything larger than 2 mm); look for the rounded pebbles and
check the size
GABBRO
phaneritic, mafic igneous rock; usually dark, and usually dominated by
plagioclase feldspar crystals; look for large, reflecting cleavage surfaces (of
plagioclase); you may even see the distinctive striations characteristic of plagioclase,
and, more rarely, the blue iridescence of some types of plagioclase.
DIORITE
Phaneritic, igneous rock of intermediate composition; look for the absence
of quartz; usually has a ‘salt and pepper’ appearance with black and white being
nearly 50-50.
RHYOLITE-
Aphanitic, felsic, igneous rock; usually pink, purple, or white; often
contains phenocrysts of quartz and/or feldspar; look for the color and quartz
phenocrysts (you probably will need the microscope).
DOLOSTONE
Chemical sedimentary rock, like limestone, but composed of the
mineral dolomite; will fizz only when powdered; gray, tan, buff, or even pinkish; it is a
building stone used extensively on campus (Old Main, the entrance arch to Johnson
Union).
GNEISS
--Foliated metamorphic rock consisting of alternating folia or stringers of
different minerals (usually quartz, feldspar, amphibole, and mica); look for the
layering (foliation) and alternating bands of color.
ANDESITE
Aphanitic, typically porphyritic igneous rock of intermediate composition,
as opposed to rhyolite and basalt. Andesite is usually gray; our tray samples have
phenocrysts of hornblende, but many andesites do not. Plagioclase is also a
common phenocryst mineral.
MARBLE
-Nonfoliated metamorphic rock made of calcite; will not scratch glass;
equigranular; fizzes with HCl; may be a variety of colors. metamorphosed limestone.
SHALE
-Aphanitic, layered clastic sedimentary rock; made of silt and clay grains too
fine to see with the eye; softer than slate, has a dull sound when tapped.
BASALT
Aphanitic, mafic, igneous rock; rarely has phenocrysts, occasionally has
vesicles (air bubbles); black; 75% of the Earth’s surface (mostly the ocean floor) is
composed of this rock.
PUMICE
Highly vesicular, felsic glass (obsidian); often light enough to float on
water. Forms as a “froth” on vesiculating felsic magmas, usually associated with
violent eruptions.
SCORIA
Vesicular, mafic, igneous rock; look for the bubbly or spongy texture;
formed by the extrusion of gaseous basaltic (mafic) magma; often reddish due to
iron oxides.
SLATE
-Foliated, aphanitic metamorphic rock produced by metamorphism of shale;
usually black but may be red or green; harder than shale; often has more of a ringing
sound when tapped (compare to the shale).
OBSIDIAN
Aphanitic, felsic, glassy igneous rock; usually black, but sometimes
rusty red; look for conchoidal fracture; this rock cooled so quickly that crystals were
unable to form.
QUARTZITE
Nonfoliated metamorphic rock composed entirely of quartz; formed
from the metamorphism of quartz sandstone; extremely hard; has distinct
appearance caused by fracture through quartz grains; will easily scratch glass; many
of our samples are pink, but quartzite can also be white, gray, tan, or purple.
PERIDOTITE
-Phaneritic (intrusive) igneous rock composed almost entirely of
olivine; ultramafic; green.
ROCK GYPSUM
-Layered or non-layered chemical sedimentary rock composed
entirely of gypsum; will not fizz; will scratch with your fingernail; an evaporite.
BRECCIA-
-Clastic rock composed of angular, pebble-sized fragments. Usually
sedimentary in origin, but can also be igneous. May also be associated with fault
zones as a product of deformation.
CHERT
-Aphanitic sedimentary rock composed of quartz; will not fizz; smooth
fracture surface; is harder than glass; may have fossil molds in it; gray, white, red,
black, or striped.
LIMESTONE
Chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock composed of calcite, often
with fossils; fizzes readily with HCl. Much limestone is formed by breakdown of
organically produced calcium carbonate (such as shells, corals, etc), with
subsequent chemical modification.
COAL
Black, light (low density), dull to "glassy", but not as shiny or hard as
obsidian; leaves black streak