Rock Cycle & Geologic Time

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Rock

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a consolidated mixture of minerals

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Igneous Rock

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A rock formed by the crystallization of molten magma

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Sedimentary Rock

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Rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, compacted and cemented

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Metamorphic Rock

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Rock formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and or chemically active fluids

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Rock Cycle

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A model that illustrates the orgin of the three basic rock types and the interrelatedness of Earth materials and processes

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Magma

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A body of molten rock found at depth including any dissolved gases and crystals

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Lava

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Magma that reaches Earth's surface

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Weathering

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The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near Earth's surface

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Sediments

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Loose particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation

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Intrusive Igneous Rock

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Igneous rock that forms below Earth's surface

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Extrusive Igneous Rock

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Igneous rock that forms on Earth's surface

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Erosion

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the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, wind or ice

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Deposition

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The process by which an agent of erosion loses energy and drops the sediment it is carrying

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Compaction

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Process by which sediments are squeezed together by the weight of overlaying materials driving out water

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Cementatiton

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Solidification of sediments by the depostion of dissolved minerals in the tiny spaces bewtween the sedimentary particles

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Contact Metamorphism

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Changes in rock caused by the heat fro ma nearby magma body

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Regional Metamorphism

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Metamorphism associated with large-scale ,mountain-building processes

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Viscosity

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A measure of a fluids's resistance to flow

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Pyroclastic Material

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The volcanic rock ejected during an eruption, incuding ash, bombs, and blocks

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Volcano

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A mountain formed of lava and pyroclastic material

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Shield Volcano

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A broad, gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas

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Composite Cone

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A volcano of both lava flows and pyroclastic material

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Cinder Cone

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A small volcanic built primarily of pryoclastic materil ejected from a single vent

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Relative Dating

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Process by which rocks are placed in their proper sequence or order; Only the chronological order of events is determined, not the absolute age in years

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Law of Superposition

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A law that states that in any indeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the layers above and younger than the layers below

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Principle of Original Horizontality

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A principle of relative dating; layers of sediments are generally deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal position

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Fossil

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The remains or traces of an organism preserved from the geologic past

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Index Fossil

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A fossil that is associated with a particular span of geologic time

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Radioactivity

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The spontaneous decay of certain unstable atomic nuclei

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Half Life

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The time required for one half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay