Robs Mcgav H10 Cardiovascular System

Front 1

the left and right coronary arteries arise from the aorta at the ........ behind the left and right cups of the aorta.

Back 1

sinuses of Valsalva

McG 559

Front 2

Name the cardiac valves:
1) (right atrioventricular valve =)......
2) (left atrioventricular valve =).......
3) ....
4) ....

Back 2

1) tricuspid valve
2) mitral valve
3) aortic valve
4) pulmonary valve

McG 560

Front 3

Prominent white streaks on the epicardium in cattle, often misdiagnosed as lesions, are in fact .....

Back 3

epicardial lymph vessels

McG 560

Front 4

In young Ru up to ... to ... weeks the ... and .... can be probe patent

Back 4

2 to 3 weeks of age
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale

McG 560

Front 5

Postmortem blood clotting produces red clots sometimes called ......

Back 5

currant jelly

Front 6

Chicken fat cloths can be found in animals with ... (X4)

Eq more often have pale blood clots because of ......

Back 6

1) severe anemia
2) systemic inflamm disease
3) leukemia
4) prolonged agonal periods
Eq more often have pale blood clots because of rouleaux formation

McG 561

Front 7

Myocytes are/are not cross straited and contain a single/multiple centrally/periferally located nucleus/nuclei

Back 7

Myocytes are cross-striated and contain multiple centrally located nuclei
(ezelsbrug: hart zelf is ook centraal gelegen)

McG 561

Front 8

the atrioventricular bundle is also called...

Back 8

the bundle of His

McG 562

Front 9

Back 9

Front 10

Can

Back 10

Cardiac dilation. Note the thin walls of both dilated ventricles. LV, Left ventricle

Front 11

Can

Back 11

Cardiac hypertrophy (fixed tissue). Note that the right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) walls are approximately the same thickness, indicating that there is right ventricular hypertrophy.

Front 12

bleedings of different size.
What size = what name?

Back 12

The smaller, pinpoint hemorrhages (1 to 2 mm) are petechiae. The larger hemorrhages (3 to 5 mm) are ecchymoses.

Epicardial hemorrhage, petechiae and ecchymoses, endotoxemia, heart, cow. Note the epicardial and subepicardial hemorrhages in the fat of the coronary groove (a common site). Petechiae and ecchymoses are often attributable to severe septicemia, endotoxemia, anoxia, or electrocution. In this case, the hemorrhage resulted from injury to the endothelium from endotoxin (component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria).

Front 13

congestive heart failure
general pathogenesis

Back 13

cardiac disease or ↑ workload → forward failure + backward failure → ↓ renal bloodflow → ↑ renin (juxtaglom app) → ↑ aldosteron (adrenal cortex) → Na retention → ↑ plasma, edema.
Hypoxia → erythropoiesis → polycythemia → viscosity → ↑ workload → hypoxia

McG 567

Front 14

Left side heart failure.
Most common causes (X3).

Back 14

1) myocardial contractility loss, associated w myocarditis
2) dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves
3) congenital heart diseases

McG 567

Front 15

Right side heart failure.
Most common causes (X3).

Back 15

1) pulmonary hypertension
2) cardiomyopathy
3) disease of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves

McG 568

Front 16

Mitral valve and tricuspid valve.
Which one on which side?

Back 16

mitraL → left
tRicuspid → right

Front 17

↑↑ Plasma natriuretic peptides may indicate cardiac disease, because these hormones are synthesized by cardiac muscle cells.
Name 3 plasma natriuretic peptides.

Back 17

A type (atrial)
B type (brain)
C type

McG 568

Front 18

P = .....
PA = ......
arrow = .....

Back 18

Patent ductus arteriosus (arrow) between the pulmonary artery (PA) and the aorta (A)

Front 19

patent ductus arteriosus
- breed predisp
- in which breed inherited
- sex predisp

Back 19

- poodle, collie, pomeranian, chihuahua, maltese, english springer spaniel, keeshond, bichon frise,shetland sheepdog
- poodle
- female

Front 20

ductus arteriosus is normally converted to the solid ...... postnatally

Back 20

ligamentum arteriosum

McG 569

Front 21

diagnosis?
Which breeds of Can greatest freq? (X3)

Back 21

Ventricular septal defect
English bulldog, English springer spaniel, Westie

McG 570

Front 22

Tetralogy of Fallot.
Name 3 primary + 1 secondary lesion

Inherited in....

Back 22

Primary:
- ventricular septal defect
- pulmonic stenosis
- dextroposition of aorta

Secondary:
- hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardium

Inherited in keeshond and English bulldog

McG 570

Front 23

Back 23

Subaortic stenosis, heart, opened left side, dog. A thick, white, broad band of fibrous connective tissue (arrows) encircles the left ventricular outflow tract below the aortic valve. The force of the blood ejected through the stenotic lesion is responsible for the “jet lesions” in the overlying aorta (A) (right half—roughened surface; left half—dilation [note the gray area]).

Front 24

Diagnosis?
Breeds?

Back 24

Persistent right aortic arch, megaesophagus
GS, Irish S, Great Dane


Because during embryogenesis the aorta was formed from the right aortic arch instead of the left one, the aorta is now on the right. Thus in order for the ligamentum arteriosum (arrow) to connect the aorta with the pulmonary artery, it has to pass dorsally over the esophagus and trachea. The ligamentum, together with the aorta and pulmonary artery, form a vascular ring that constricts the esophagus (E), which is dilated cranial to the constriction

Front 25

Diagnosis?
Prognosis?

Back 25

Valvular hematocyst, heart, opened left side, mitral valve, postnatal calf. A dark, blood-filled cyst protrudes from a cusp of the mitral valve. Arrows indicate chordae tendinae. Hematocysts usually occur in ruminants, do not cause any functional abnormality, and usually regress within a few months of birth.

Front 26

Diagnosis?
Prognosis?

Back 26

Valvular lymphocyst, heart. A lymph-filled cyst is on a cusp of the atrioventricular valve. Like hematocysts, lymphocysts usually occur in ruminants, do not cause any functional abnormality, and usually regress within a few months of birth.

Front 27

MD?
Breeds?

Back 27

Endocardial fibroelastosis
Burmese and siamese cats

McG 572

Subendocardial fibroelastosis, heart, left ventricle, dog. The endocardium is opaque because increased amounts of collagen and elastic fibers were deposited in the subendocardium secondary to turbulence of blood flow within the ventricles. This dog had a persistent ductus arteriosus. This lesion may have a hereditary basis in Burmese cats and is often a sequela to turbulence within ventricles in cardiac disease.

Front 28

fibrinous pericarditis, Eq.
Common Et?

Back 28

Streptococcal infections
(Strep. zooepidemicus)

McG 577

Front 29

Calcitonin

Back 29

Source: Thyroid
Action: Decreases the blood calcium level, decreases reabsorbtion of calcium and phosphate

Front 30

calcinogenic plants (name 3) cause which syndrome?

Back 30

1) Cestrum diurnum
2) Trisetum flavescens
3) Solanum malacoxylon
4) Solanum torvum

Enzootic calcinosis (= Manchester wasting disease)

McG 578

Front 31

Can.
- ND
- Most affected breed?
- Other breeds?

Back 31

- Valvular endocardiosis
- Cavalier King Charles spaniel (100% by 10 years of age)
- Cocker spaniel, beagle, dachshund, poodle, Pomeranian, schnauzer, Chihuahua, Doberman, fox terrier, Boston terrier, Pekingese, deerhound, wolfhound
(general: associated with old age and small breeds)

McG 579

Front 32

Atrial thrombosis is a frequent lesion in ....

Back 32

age Syrian hamsters

McG 579

Front 33

Endocarditis is usually the result of bac inf, except lesions produced by migrating ....... in Eq and an occasional case of mycotic inf.

Back 33

Strongylus vulgaris larvae

McG 579

Front 34

Relative frequency of valvular involvement w endocarditis in animals is .....

Back 34

mitral > aortic > tricuspid > pulmonary

McG 579

Front 35

Pathogenesis of endocarditis is complicated but the components of Virchow´s triad are involved. Name them.

Back 35

Endothelial injury
turbulence
hypercoagulability

McG 580

Front 36

2 forms of myocardium hypertrophy

Back 36

1) Eccentric hypertrophy → enlarged ventr chambers, walls somewhat thinner
2) Concentric hypertrophy → small ventr chambers, thick walls.

McG 581

Front 37

3 stages of myocardial hypertrophy

Back 37

1) initiation
2) stable hyperfunction
3) deterioration of function associated w degeneration of hypertrophied myocytes.

McG 582

Front 38

Name a few diseases that cause right ventricular hypertrophy

Back 38

Can: dirofilariosis, congenital pulmonic stenosis
Bo: "brisket disease" (high altitude disease)
Eq: chronic alveolar emphysema (heaves)

McG 582

Front 39

Left ventr hypertrophy occurs in:
- dogs with.....
- cats with.....
- dogs and cats with .....

Back 39

-Can: subaortic stenosis
- Fe: hyperthyroidism
- Can&Fe: systemic hypertension

McG 583

Front 40

Difference between fatty infiltration and fatty degeneration of the hearth?

Back 40

infiltr.: ↑ lipocytes interposed between myocardial fibres
degen.: accumulation of lipid droplets in sarcoplasm

McG 584

Front 41

fatty degen. of myocard. Causes?

Back 41

Systemic disorders such as:
severe anemia
toxemia
copper deficiency

McG 584

Front 42

Hydropic degen. of myocard. Cause?

Back 42

chronic admin of anthracyclines (= group of antineoplastic drugs)

McG 584

Front 43

Lipofuscinosis of myocardium. Causes?

Back 43

age
severe cachexia
hereditary in Ayrshire cattle

McG 584

Front 44

Myofibrillar degen. of myocard.
Histo?
Causes?

Back 44

Histo: pale eosinophilic sarcoplasm, lacks cross striations.
Cause: furazolidone cardiotoxicity in birds, potassium deficiency in rats

McG 584

Front 45

Name the 3 different morphologic types of primary cardiomyopathies

Back 45

1) Hypertrophic
2) Dilated
3) Restrictive

McG 589

Front 46

Common cause of...
1) suppurative myocarditis
2) necrotizing myocarditis
3) hemorrhagic myocarditis
4) lymphocytic myocarditis

Back 46

1) pyogenic bacteria from valvular endocarditis
2) toxoplasmosis in Can and Fe
3) Blackleg in Bo. (Clostr. chauvoei)
4) parvovirus

McG 591

Front 47

Congenital rhabdomyomatosis in Su and guinea pigs is really a ....

Back 47

hamartoma (i.e., a malformation often resembling a neoplasm that is composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected organ).

McG 593

Front 48

Cardiac hemangiosarcoma is important in which spp?
At which location?
What is a freq metastasis?

Back 48

Dogs
wall of right atrium
Lung

McG 593

Front 49

What kind of tumors are most common at the base of the hearth (esp in Can)?
Breed?

Back 49

aortic body tumor or chemodectoma (paraganglioma)
Breed: most freq in brachycephalic dogs

(and occasionally ectopic thyrois or parathyroid tissue gives rise to neoplasms in this area)

McG 594

Front 50

arteries are classefied into 3 types: .....

Back 50

muscular arteries, elastic arteries and arterioles

Front 51

Vessel walls are divided into 3 layers or tunics:.....

Back 51

intima, media, adventitia

Front 52

Can
Diagnosis?

Back 52

Hemangiosarcoma, heart, right atrium, dog. A dark-red hemangiosarcoma protrudes from the wall of the right atrium (RA), a predilection site in the dog for this tumor (arrows). RV, Right ventricle.

Front 53

Bo
Diagnosis?

Back 53

Lymphosarcoma, heart, myocardium, cow. A, Sites of infiltrating neoplastic lymphocytes in the ventricular myocardium are evident as numerous white areas and nodules (arrows).

Front 54

Most cases of aneurysm are idiopathic, but known causes include... (X3)

Back 54

- copper deficiency in Su (necessary for development of elastic tissue)
- Spirocerca lupi
- Strongylus vulgaris

McG 598

Front 55

What can cause medial hypertrophy of the muscular pulmonary arteries of Fe?

Back 55

Aerulostrongylus abstrusus
Toxocara spp
Dirofilaria immitis

McG 599

Front 56

Main difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

Back 56

arterio... - intimal fibrosis of (mainly) large elastic arteries
athero... - intimal and medial lipid deposits in elastic and muscular arteries

(beetje kort door de bocht)

McG 599

Front 57

A high-cholesterol diet in Su , rabbit and chicken can lead to ......
while Can, Fe, Bo, Capr and rat are resistant

Back 57

Atherosclerosis

McG 599

Front 58

The deposition of iron and calcium salts in the cerebral arteries of aged Eq is called: .........

Back 58

Siderocalcinosis (or iron rings)

It is considered an incidental finding

McG 600

Front 59

Bo

Back 59

Johne’s disease, arteriosclerosis, aorta, cow. Multiple prominent, white, mineralized foci are in the tunica intima and media

Front 60

Bo

Back 60

Medial calcification, aorta, cow. Note the layer of mineralization in the middle of the tunica media. H&E stain.

Front 61

Buzzword?
Spp?

Back 61

Intimal body
Eq

Intimal body (arrow), intestine, muscular artery, horse. Intimal bodies are distinctive small, mineralized masses within the subendothelium of small muscular arteries and arterioles of horses. They are an incidental finding and have no pathologic significance. H&E stain.

Front 62

On histo (HE) you see:
an homogenous eosinophilic zone in the vessel walls (small muscular arteries and arterioles).
Which stains do you order, and what do they tell you?

Back 62

DDx: hyaline degeneration / fibrinoid necrosis / amyloidosis
Stains:
1) Congo red and methyl violet → amyloid is positive
2) PAS → fibrinoid is positive
If both 1) and 2) are negative → hyaline

McG 600/601

Front 63

Fibrinoid necrosis (or fibrinoid change) of arteries is frequent in many acute degenerative and inflamm diseases.
Esp in Su it is an important diagnostic feature of...... (X4)

Back 63

- Selenium-Vit E deficiency (heart)
- Edema disease (gastric submucosa)
- Cerebrospinal angiopathy
- Organic mercury toxicosis (meninges)

In Can freq in cases of uremia or hypertension.

McG 601

Front 64

short pathogenesis of fibrinoid change

Back 64

injury to intima and media (such as occurs in immune mediated vasculitis) → deposition of immunoglob / complement / plasma proteins (incl fibrin) in the wall of vessels.
Note: process is not true regressive alteration of cells → terms fibrionoid degeneration and necrosis are inappropriate (but often used)

McG 46

Front 65

In Su with Vit E/selenium def, vascular fibdrinoid necr produces 2 typical gross lesions: .....

The observed complex of vascular lesions has been termed:......

Back 65

- Mulberry hearth disease
- hepatosis dietetica (= a massive hemorrhagic hepatic necrosis)

Complex = dietary microangiopathy

McG 601

Front 66

Su
ND?

Back 66

“Mulberry heart disease,” suffusive hemorrhage, epicardium, right ventricle, heart, pig. Red areas of suffusive hemorrhage (“mulberry-like”) are present on the epicardial surface of the right ventricle.

Front 67

Su, heart.
What kind of vascular change?
Most likely cause?

Back 67

Fibrinoid change (=fibr necr)
Vit E / Selenium def.

Selenium–vitamin E deficiency (“mulberry heart disease”), fibrinoid necrosis, myocardial arteriole, heart, pig. Note the circumferential eosinophilic deposits in the wall of the arteriole. H&E stain.

Front 68

Can
What does the arrow point at?

Back 68

Arterial thrombus, pulmonary artery, dog. Arterial thrombi are composed primarily of platelets and fibrin because the rapid flow of blood tends to exclude erythrocytes from the thrombus, and thus arterial thrombi are usually pale beige to gray (arrow).

Front 69

Can
What do the arrows point at?

Back 69

Myocardial infarction, heart, left and right ventricles, dog. Pale, necrotic, circumscribed areas (arrows) are present in the ventricular walls and are most prominent at the apex. Inset: The cardiac myocytes are eosinophilic (ischemic necrosis) and have lost their nuclei (karyolysis).

Front 70

Eq.
What is the vascular lesion?
What is systemic condition can this be part of?
Why is it important to get fresh animals at necropsy if you want to see this?

Back 70

Fibrin thrombi
DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Fibrinolysis continues after death.

Fibrin thrombi, disseminated intravascular coagulation, lung, alveolar septal capillaries, horse. Fibrin thrombi (arrows) occlude two alveolar capillaries.

Front 71

Eq.
What is the vascular lesion?
What is systemic condition can this be part of?
Why is it important to get fresh animals at necropsy if you want to see this?

Back 71

Fibrin thrombi
DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Fibrinolysis continues after death.

Fibrin thrombi, disseminated intravascular coagulation, lung, alveolar septal capillaries, horse. Fibrin thrombi (arrows) occlude two alveolar capillaries.

Front 72

Su. Spinal cord.
What do the arrows point at?
Which Spp + breed is commonly affected?

Back 72

Fibrocartilaginous emboli
Can, typically middle-aged large or giant breeds

Retrograde movement within vasculature of fibrocartilagenous fragments of degenerated intervertebral disks is generally considered to underlie this presence.
Result: posterior paresis or paralysis.

McG 605

Front 73

Su.
Et?
ND?
Pathogenesis of lesion?

Back 73

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Diamond skin disease

Emboli of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae have lodged in cutaneous vessels and caused a localized vasculitis, which has resulted in thrombosis followed by ischemia and cutaneous infarction.

In MD, describe: cutaneous infarction

McG 606

Front 74

Beagle pain syndrome.
Et?
What is the lesion?

Back 74

- attributed to immune-mediated vascular injury
- Idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis involving the coronary and meningeal arteries

McG 607

Front 75

Hemangiomas are often found in the ........

Back 75

....skin of Can

McG 607

Front 76

Hemangiosarcoma occurs freq in the ..... and the ..... of .....

Back 76

spleen and right atrium of Can

McG 607/608

Front 77

Hint: a tumor on the skin of a dog of vascular origin that is not an hemangioma.

Back 77

Hemangiopericytoma. Histologically, it is characterized by spiral proliferations around blood vessels, with a typical “fingerprint” arrangement of the cells disposed concentrically around the capillaries that are collapsed. Capillaries are frequently hyalinized.

Front 78

Back 78

Front 79

A venous dilation from weakened vascular walls is termed a ...... (localized) or ...... (generalized).

Back 79

varicosity (lozalized)
phlebectasia (generalized)

McG 608