Robbins Final

Front 1

tardive dyskinesia

Back 1

due to antipsychotics
is a variety of DYSTONIA (involuntary, repetitive movements) manifesting as a side effect of long-term or high-dose use of dopamine antagonists.
tardive: the dyskinesia sometimes continues or appears even after the drugs are no longer taken

Front 2

chorea v. dystonia

Back 2

dystonia are non-choreic rapid, patterned movements that repeat themselves in a set distribution of the body and do not have the changing, flowing nature of choreic movements that travel around the body.

Front 3

Athetosis

Back 3

continuous succession of slow, sinuous, writhing, involuntary movements especially of the fingers and is characteristic of basal ganglia lesions.

Front 4

Decerebrate posturing

Back 4

damage to lower midbrain or upper pons
both the upper and lower limbs are extended

Front 5

Decorticate posturing

Back 5

damage to reticular formation in the upper midbrain. Upper limbs are flexed at the joints and lower limbs are in extension

Front 6

Spinal Cord Syndromes:
Commissural Syndrome

Back 6

Lesion in the central region of SC.
segmental loss of p & temp sensation due to interruption of 2nd order axons as they decussate to form the spinothalamic tracts.
Sensory loss is bilateral, and loss is only in those segments.

Front 7

Spinal Cord Syndrome
Intramedullary Lesion

Back 7

Sensory loss with sacral sparing due to the intramedullary lesion shown on the left, involving lateral spinothalamic tracts bilaterally.
loss of pain and temperature sensation at all levels below the lesion except in the sacral level

Front 8

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Back 8

lateral hemisection of the spinal cord.
Severs the pyramidal tract (which has already crossed in the medulla),the uncrossed dorsal columns, and the crossed spinothalamic tract. The only time you will see this is due to trauma, i.e., knife or bullet

Hint 8

ipsilateral and below the level of the lesion demonstrates UMN weakness (paralysis), loss of tactile discrimination, loss of position sense, and loss of vibratory sense. The ipsilateral DTRs become hyperactive with subsequent spasticity and a positive Babinski response develops.
Contralateral to the lesion there is a loss of pain and temperature sensation below the lesion

Front 9

Posterior Fossa

Back 9

contralateral loss of sensory function in the trunk and limbs because of interruption of the major ascending pathways.
Sensory function (primarily pain and temperature) is also lost over the ipsilateral face because of segmental involvement of the trigeminal nerve or its descending tract and nucleus

Hint 9

any lesion involved in the brainstem affects the ipsilateral cranial nerve and the fibers that travel to and from the contralateral body.

Front 10

HMSN I = Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT type I)

Back 10

Most common inherited neuropathy.
group of neuropathies which are characterized by their impact upon both afferent and efferent neural communication.