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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what happens in a papilloma
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viral induced hyperplasia
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what happens in BPH
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pathological hyperplasia of prostate epithelial cells
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is metaplasia reversible?
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yes!
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what kind of metaplasia happens in tobacco users?
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ciliated columnar bronchial epithelium goes to squamous stratified epithelium
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metaplasia with kidney stone
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squamous metaplasia
urothelium to strat squam |
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barrett's esophagus
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strat squamous to gut columnar epithelium
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2 really good markers for cardiac damage
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ck-mb and troponin I
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why does hypoxia cause clumping of chromatin
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decrease in pH due to lactic acid!!
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what happens to K, Na, and Ca in ischemic cell?
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K goes out, and Na / Ca come in!
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how do you tell normal heart cells from ones undergoing coagulation necrosis?
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presence of nuclei
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hydropic degeneration
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cells reversibly injured swell up and turn clear
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vacuoloar degeneration
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cells reversibly injured swell up and turn clear
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even several days after an MI, why is it good to still do angioplasty?
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there is tissue that didn't die, but is in danger. it is in the no man's land on the edge of the infarct. these cells would be clear and full of intracellular edema, but they have nuclei and are still alive.
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is nuclear condensation (pyknosis) rev or irrev
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irreve
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is mitochondrial amorphous density rev or irrev?
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irreve
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type of necrosis in myocardial infarction
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coagulation
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6 types of necrosis
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coagulation
caseous fibrinoid fat gangrenous liquefactive |
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type of necrosis in kidney infarct
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coagulation
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what is the most common place for an infarct in the kidneY???
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CORTICOMEDULLARY JCTN
here the interlobar arteries take a 90 degree turn into the arcuate arteries |
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hallmark of coagulative necrosis
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intact enucleated cells
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why do proximal tubule cells die from hypoxia faster than the distal?
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they have lots of mitochondria and are dependent on oxygen!
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how can dialysis restore kidney function to someone with kidney infarct?
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BM is still there so the proximal tubule epithelial cells can repopulate
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type of necrosis in brain
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liquefactive
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type of necrosis in abcess
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liquefactive
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abscesses are full of ___
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pus - exudate with lots of PMNs and cell fragments
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type of necrosis in a lung with pneumonia
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liquefactive (pockets of pus)
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what is fat necrosis?
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destruction of adipose tissue by lipases. most often seen with acute pancreatitis when panc lipases are released into the peritoneum
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what is liquefactive necrosis?
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digestion by hydrolytic nzms is predominant pattern. pmns come in and digest everything into goo. no cell outlines visible.
abscess |
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salivary gland trauma or infection can lead to ___ necrosis
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fat
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___ necrosis is a combination of ___ and ___ necrosis
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caseous, coagulation, liquefactive
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in tb patients, where is the caseous necrosis
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in the center of the tubercle
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what is fibrinoid necrosis
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necrotic tissue due to immunologic reactoin, usually in blood vessels
complement and antibodies are deposited in wall. fibrinoid means RED AND HOMOGENOUS |
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what does fibrinoid mean?
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RED and HOMOGENOUS
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what causes gangernous necrosis?
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primary coagulation necrosis with secondary liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection
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what is the difference b/t dry and wet gangrene
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dry gangrene- the bacteria dont produce a lot of liquefactive necrosis
wet - the bacteria do produce a lot of liquefactive necrosis |
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sammoma body
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laminar chunk of calcium from calcification
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heterotopic bone
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formation of bone outside of bone
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manner of death
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homicide, suicide, natural, accidental, or undetermined
accidental - did an event precipitate all of this? |
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mechanism of death
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how did they die?
heart failure shock hemorrhage cardiopulmonary failure multi organ system failure |
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immediate cause of death
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what actually caused their death? WHY DID THEY DIE???
gastric carcinoma |
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underlying cause of death
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may be different from immediate cause of death if something else led to that immediate cause.
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who must give permission for an autopsy
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next of kin (wife > kids)
if multiple kids present, all must consent |
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who should you contact if a forensic autopsy needs to be done?
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the county medical examiner in the county where incident (NOT THE DEATH) occurred
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