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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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A multisystem autimmune remitting and relapsing disease that primarily affects the skin, kidneys, serosal membranes joints and heart
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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A systemic, chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting many tissues but principally attacking the joints to produce a nonsuppurative synovitis
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Sjogren Syndrome
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An inflammatory disease that affects primarily the salivary and lacrimal glands causing dryness of the mouth and eyes
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Systemic Sclerosis
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commonly called scleroderma and characterized by progressive fibrosis involving the skin, GI tract and other tissues
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Differentiation
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the extent to which tumor cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally
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Anaplasia
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"to form backward" and implies dedifferentiation or loss of the structural and functional differentiation of normal cells
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Dysplasia
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A loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation
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Metastasis
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the development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor in remote tissue
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Paraneoplastic Syndrome
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System complex that occues in patients with cancer that cannot be readily explained by local or distant spread of the tumor or by the elaboration of hormones indigenous to the tissue of orgin
ex. Cushing, hypercalcemia, |
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Cachexia
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progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, accompanies by profound weakness, anorexia and anemia caused by release of cytokins by a tumor
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Marfan Syndrome
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An autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue caused by a mutation in the gene encoding fibrillin
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Phenylketonuria
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An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroylase and consequent inability to metabolize phenylalanine
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Tac-Sachs Disease
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Lysosomal storage disease caused by an inablitly to metabloize GM2 gangliosides due to lack of lysosomal hexosaminidase
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Niemann-Pick Disease
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Lysosomal storage diseases cause by a deficiency of sphingomyelinase
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Trisomy 21
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down syndrome the most common of the chromosomal disorders
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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Male hypogonadism that develops when there are at least two x chromosome and one or more y
xxy |
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Turner Syndrome
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Primary hypogonadism in females,
xo |
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Malfromation
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Primarily intrinsically abnormal development process
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Deformation
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An extrinsic disturbance of development`
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Sequence
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Multiple congenital anomalies that result from secondary effects of a single localized aberration in organogenesis
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potter sequence
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olgiohydramnios denotating decreased amniotic fluide caused a calssic phenotype in the newborn infant including flattened face and positional abnormalities osf the hands and feet
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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Hyaline membrane diease, a disease of prematuirty primarily caused by insufficient pulmonary surfactant
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SIDS
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Sudden death of an infant under the age of 1, after an investigation, complete autopsy, and review of the clinical history
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Immune Hydrops
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antibody induced hemolytic disease in the newborn that is caused by blood group incompatibilitly between mother and fetus
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Cystic Fibrosis
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a widespread disorder of epithelial transport affecting fluid secretion in expcrine galnds and the epithelial lining of the respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts
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Retinoblastoma
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most common malignant eye tumor of childhood
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Wilm's Tumor
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most common primary tumor of the kidney
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Abrasion
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a wound produced by scraping, or rubbing resulting in removal of the superficial layer
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Contusion
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A bruise produced by a blunt object and characterized by damage to blood vessels and extravasation of blood into tissue
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Laceration
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A tear or disruptive stretching of tissue caused by the application of force by a blunt object
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Marasmus
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Emaciation resluting from loss of muscle mass and fat with relative preservation of serum albumin. Caused by diets lack in calories
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Kwashiorkor
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hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, fatty liver, skin changes and defects in immunity. caused by diets low in proteins but normal in calories
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Rickets
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bone disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
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Osteomalacia
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Bone disease in adults caused by vitamin D deficiency
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virus
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obligate intracellular organisms that commandeer the horst cells biosynthetic and replicative apparatus for their own proliferation
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trichomonas vaginalis
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a sexully transmitted protozoan that can coloize the vagina and mall urethra
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abscess
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localized pocket of ligefactive necrosis caused by collections of neurtrophils
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Granulmatous inflammation
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a distinctive form of mononuclear inflammation characterized by accumulation of activated macrophages called "epitheliod" cells, which may fuse to form giant cells
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Gram Stain
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a special stain used to idenitfy bacetial organisms
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Heroine
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opid from poppy plant
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What are the fat soluble vitamins
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ADEK
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What are the 4 major types of immunologic disorders
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1. hypersensitvity reactions
2. autoimmune diseases 3. immune deficiency syndromes 4. Amyloidosis |
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Hypersensitivity reactions can be initiated by ____ and ___?
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interaction of antigen with humoral antibody or cell
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Type 1 Hypersensitivity
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Anaphylactic Type
anaphylaxis, some forms of bronchial asthma |
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Type II Hypersensitivty
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Cytotoxic
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, good pasture syndrome |
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Type III Hypersensitivity
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immune complex disease
Arthus reaction, serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus antigen-antibody complexes that produce tissue damage as a result of their capacity to activate the complement system |
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Typer IV Hypersensitivity
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Cell Mediated
Tuberculosis, contact dermatitis transplant rejection intiated by specifically sensitized T lymphocytes it includes the classic delayed type reactions |
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What are the primary and secondary mediators of anaphylactic rejection
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Biogenic amines
chemotactic mediators enzymes proteoglycans secondary- Leurkotriends Prostaglandin D2 Platelet Activating Factor Cytokines |
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Atopy
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The term atopy implies, a gentically determined predispoition to develop localized anaphylactic reactions to inhaled or ingested allergens
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Three Mechanisms of cytotoxic hypersensitivity (type 2) and give examples
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1. Complement-dependent reactions- lead to lysis of cells or render them susceptible to phagocytosis
ex. transfusion reactions, immune hydrops, 2. Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity- IgG coated target cells are killed by cells that bear Fc receptors for IgG ex. graft rejection 3. Antibody Mediated Cellular Dysfunction- disturb the normal function of receptors ex. myasthenia gravis |
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Describe the pathogensis of systemic immune complex disease and give clinical and pathologic presentations
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1)formation of the antigen-antibody complex
2) deposition of the immune complex 30inflammatory response at the site of deposition hallmark- necrotizing vasculities |
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Define an Arthus Rectoin
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localized are of tissue necrosis resulting from actue immune complex vasculitis
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What are the two mechanisms involved in graft rejections
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Tcell mediated reactions
antibody mediated recations |
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Graft vs. host disease
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immunologically comptent cells are translpanted into immunologically crippled recipients
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Myopathy
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immunologically mediated injury and inflammation of mainly the skeletal muscles
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
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a group of diseases characterized by necrotizing inflammation of the walls of blood vessels and showing strong evidence of an immunologic pathogentic mechanism
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DiGeorge Syndrome
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is an example of a T- cell deficency that dervives from failure of development of the 3rd and 4th pouch leading to thymic hypoplasia
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Wiscott- Aldrich Syndrome
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x linked recessive disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, exzema, and a marked vulnerabilitly to recurrent infection , ending in early death
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AIDS
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Retroviral disease characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurolgic manifestations
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Amyloidosis
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A group of diseases having in common the deposition of a pathologic proteinaceous substance in various tissues and organs of the body in a wide varity of clinical settings
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Sarcomas
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Mesenchymal tissue and mets hematogenous
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Carcinoma
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Epithelial and spread lympatically
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Kaposi Syndrome
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vascular tumor in AIDS patiants
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Hypeeracute Rejection
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occurs within minutes or hours, when recepent already been pre exposed to antibodies (blood transfuions, multiparus women)
causes rapid rejection |
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All tumors are composed of
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parenchyma and supportive stroma
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what is the criteria used to determine if a tumor is benign or malignant
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1. differentiation and anaplasia
2. rate of growth 3. local invasion 4. metastasis |
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three ways cancers mets
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1. lymph
2. blood 3. direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces |
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Tumore Grading
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is based on the differentiation of the tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumore as presumed correlates of the neoplasms aggressiveness
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staging cancer
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relates to the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread to LN and if its mets
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Which DNA VIRUSES can cause cancer?
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HPV, Epstein Barr, hep B, Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus
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Which two HPV have been implicated in the genesis of several cancers, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
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16 and 18
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Two types of adaptive immunity
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humoral and cell mediated immunity
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T lymphocytes develop from?
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Thymus
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Protozoa
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single celled eukaryotes that are major causes of disease and death in developing countries
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What virus is the leading cause of vaccine preventable death and illness worldwide
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Measels (Rubella)
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The virulence of a microbial organism relates to
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its ability to adhere to hosts,
invade cells and tissues, deliever toxic moieties |
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name the three lines of natural defense to virulent microogranisms
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intact host skin, intact mucosal surfaces, and their secretory-excretory products
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Septicemia
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sustained bloodstream invasion and disseminatino of pathogens manifested by fever, low arterial pressure, and other signs and symptomes of sepsis
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bactermia
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bacteria in the blood
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opportunistic infection
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microbial disease occuring in a predisposed individual
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nosocomial infectoin
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hospital acquired microbial disease
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suppuration
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the process of pus formation, characterized by predomiantly neutrophilic inflammation, caused by the presence of pyogenic microorganisms
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name three types of pyogenic micorganisms
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staphloccus auresus
staphylococcus epidermidis streptococcus hemolyticus |
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Furuncle
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is a focal suppurative inflammation
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