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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coastal Zone
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relatively, warm, shallow, nutrient rich, from the high tide mark to the continental shelf
coastal wetlands, estuaries, barrier beaches and barrier islands, coral reefs |
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Coastal WEtlands
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occur in many shallow areas, nursery, reproductive habitat, salt marsh areas, the area is watered and dewatered daily due to high tides
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Estuaries
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have reduced salinity and high nutrient levels- VERY PRODUCTIVE
access for anadromous fish--fish that live in the ocean, but spawn in freshwater. Estuaries are areas where rivers and or streams empty into the ocean. |
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Barrier Beaches and Barrier Islands
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are important to storm reduction, important wildlife and habitat, dunes---areas for breeding.
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Coral reefs
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some coastal zones support coral reefs, FRAGILE, 1/3 of all marine fishes, human impacts are a BIG problem.
HUGH DIVERSITY OF ANIMALS PROBLEMS: coral bleaching- seems to be temp related development for recreation area causes loss of habitat, could lose 90% of all coral reefs in the next 100 years. |
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Open Ocean
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extends from the continental slope--90% of all oceans area
neritic zone and oceanic zone |
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Neritic Zone
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area from low tide mark to the edge of continental shelf, overlying continental slope. THis area drives the food web due to having the most PRIMARY PRODUCTION--phytoplankton, fisheries, marine mammals and birds
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Oceanic zone
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euphotic, compensation depth, bathyl, abyssal zone
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Euphotic
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TOp layer, open water zone of the ocean, abundance of light, phytoplan, albatross, marine turtles, fish--such as the tuna, whale shark, ocean sunfish.
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Compensation Depth
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where respiration equals photosynthesis--pp
above the zone, extra oxygen is found, below, an oxygen deficiency is normal. Found between euphotic and bathyl |
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Bathyl
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zone beneath the euphotic zone---no photosynthesis, no pp due to low light level find worms, crustaceans, "strange fish" such as hatch and flashlight
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Abyssal
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beneath the bathyl zone, collddd, dark, no pp, highh pressure, find tube worms, fish with phkaslhdf, body attachments used as lures and huge mouths
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Upwelling
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The movement of nutrient rich cold water from the coean bottom to higher levels by means of vertically moving currents
Off coast CA- nutrients from the upper layers settle into the abyssal zone, the southern wind blows along the coast and is always turning rich due to the COriolis effect causing surface water to move away and water underneath fills the space bringing nutrient rich cold water to the top. AN inmporatant area for fishery production. |
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Lentic
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NO FLOW, lakes and ponds (lentic systems--standing water) formed by run-off, rain fall or groundwater flow
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Littoral
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rooted plants, sunlight can penetrate, unless polluted by sediment
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Limnetic
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high production rate, no rooted plants, deeper area, phytoplankton- eaten by zooplank--eaten by fish
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Profundal
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cold less ligh, little or no pp, freshwater sportfish are found here
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Benthic
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bottom of the lake, find catfish, worms, fly larvae
oxygen is near 0 |
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Thermocline
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a physically defined area, temperature changing more than 1 degree per meter, very rapid cooling of the water column, obvious feature of a lake
AN important process in lake ecosystem that can affect fisheries mgmt option is the annual mixing cycle. Thermocline forms due to the annual mixing cycle.---Wters of diff temperatures will have diff densities and will not readily mx. Cold water will hold more oxygen than warm water. |
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Oligotrophic
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very clear lake, no nutrients, little lives there
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Mesotrophic
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less clear, more nutrients
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Eutropic
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less clear, even more nutrients, plants, phyto, zoo, fish, more pp, most LA lakes
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Hypereutrophic
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too many nutrients leading to algal blooms, fish kills, campus lakes, are caused by human addition of fertilizer to the system
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Resevoirs
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are intermediate between lentic (Still water) and lotic (flowing water)---- similar to an ecotone
resevoirs typically xhibit flow (making them different from a natural lake) and have a characteristic residence time--highly variable--flow of water, time for water to travel from one point to another. Resevoirs can support two-story and tailwater fisheries |
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Two story
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occurs in a resevoir when oxygen is found BELOW the thermocline due to flow in the reservoir, creating a cold habitat with oxygen, so different types of fisheries can be established above and below the thermocline
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Tailwater
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area below the water flow of a dam at a reservoir that creates high oxygen and a more even temperature are with more food resources, so gish grow larger, danger--generators raising and lowering the water level at the dam site
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Streams and RIver
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are characterized by flowing water---LOTIC- with habitat diversity based on difference in depth, flow, substrate-sand gravel rock- and allochthonous debris (from outside the system)- leaves, branches, logas, insects, anything organic falling in from outside
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Riparian Zone
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is the area bordering the stream, zone of terrestrial ecosystem next to the stream.
provide shade to stream, filtration of upland materials, bank stablization, small and large wood debris (pool areas) and (allochthonous) organic matter (leaves from hardwoods, decid trees) no pp due to lack of sunlight from trees. |
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FLoodplain
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area that floods when the river is out of its banks
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Tributaries
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streams that run into a larger stream
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River meander
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curves and turns in a river, creates ox bow lakes
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Distributaries
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main stream river that breaks into smaller streams
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Delta
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found at the mouth of a river as it enters the ocean, as water slows down it drops it sediment load and a delta (coastal marsh) begins to build
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Water Pollution types
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SEdiment, acidic and alkaline industrial wastes, heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides diox-most toxic, PCBS, livestock, fertilizer, mining operations, sewage, industrial outflows
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Sediment
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number one pollutant
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heavy metals--water pollutant
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Pb, Hg--most imporatant due to toxicity to humans, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe
Build up problem due to not released from tissue |
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Eutrophication--water poll
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a process where water bodies recieve excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth
A human source of nutrients N and P is caled cultural eutrophication. |
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MIning Operation--water poll
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disposing of tailings problematic---pH problems with increased acidity and erosion of tailings--are leftover from rock from ore removal
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Sewage--water poll
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less developed countires
nutirent enchichment can occur disease problems--treatment to reduce e coli, may use wetlands |
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Point Source Pollution
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able to identify the source of the pollution such as an industiral pipe line into a river
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non point source
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not able to indentify just one source of the pollution, such as a runoff from cattle farms or street runoff
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Wetland
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A system where the water table is at or near the surface, often with standing water
Transitional Systems--between terrestrial (dry) and aquatic (wet) 1. At least periodically, the vegetation is predominately HYDROPHYTES--plants that are able to grown in water or saturated soil deficient in oxygen concentration 2. the substrate is predominately HYDRIC SOIL--saturated, flooded or ponded long enough during the growing season to be anaerobic, hydric soil is anaerobic soil |
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Wetlands (7)
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Tidal salt marshes, tidal freshwater marshes, mangrove wetlands, freshwater marshes, northern peatland, southern deepwater swamps, riparian wetlands
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Tidal Salt Marshes
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function with rising and falling tides, salt water is a problem, grass in the inter-tidal zone, often dominated by Spartina sp. FOund more in norther latitudes, tidal changes average 2m, drastic changes in salinity, flooding and dewatering and extreme temp and salinates
a. low diversity of veg--spartina sp b. tidal flooding and dewatering c. physiologically stressful |
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Tidal Freshwater Marshes
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usually no salinity, byt water level fluctuations from tidal damming often dominated by plants like pickerelweed, sawgrass, and arrowhead. A much higher diversity of salt-intolerant plants.
Important bird and fish habitat, plant diversity is higher in tidal freshwater marshes than salt. |
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Mangrove Wetlands
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found in tropical and subtropical climates. TX LA and FL. dominated by rhiz (red) and avid (black) mangroves.
PROBLEM: mangrove roots are important for substrate stability, when these trees are cut down and replaced with shrimp farming the site is usually lost to pollution from the farm. important nursery and rookery habitat. |
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Freshwater Marshes
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THroughout the US, shallow and dominated by emergent vegetation like cattalis, sedges, bulrushes, and grasses. Large tracts of freshwater marsh has been lost to agriculture.
Emergent PLants--roots in the water and plants above the water line. |
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Northern Peatland
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Peat is partially decomposed plant material which builds up in layers over time. Peat deposits are found in northern biomes. THick peat layers found in old lake basins often waterlogged and nutrient deficient, cellulose is all that is left and does not make good soil. Waterlogged soil, acidic, low nutrients.
CH4 methane emissions versus CO2 carbon dioxide fixation during the growing stage at this time we do not know which is greater, so we do not know if these wetlands are a benefit or not. |
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Southern Deepwater Swamps
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Standing water for most of the years.
Dominated by cypress-tupelo trees. Often tied to a large river stream. Typically nutrient rich and very productive. High habitat and biotic diversity. |
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Riparian Wetland
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many destoryed by levees.
Riparian- band of land bordering a stream or river. These wetlands are most impacted and where the greatest loses have occurred. Flodded bottomlands along a stream. Depends on soil moisture, nutrient rich, very productive, particularly for amphibian and reptiles, may be important for stream fish. |
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Wetland--Colonial America
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1790-1990--50% of wetlands lost.
most loss has occurred in ca and ohio, ca--not stopping place for duck and geese to rest. LA has lost 50-65% of her wetlands; coastal loss is a big problem with the coast moving inland. |
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Wetland Function
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Store and regulate stream flow
reduce flooding increase inflitration to aquifiers reduce bank erosion, stream bed scouring loss of riparian wetlands (levees) has changed the way rivers and streams function without lateral movement storm damages intensifies |
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WEtland Function--Improve water quality
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bacteria in the wetland will breakdown water pollution, both organic and inorganic compounds.
trap sediments degrade organic pollutants, waste effluents can be spread on wetlands constructed wetlands- for secondary sewage treatment, mine drainage treatment. The use of constructed wetlands has increased, and they are used in big cities. |
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Wetland Function--Waterfowl production
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Waterfowl problems are associated with reduced wetland area.
Breeding, nesting, nursery habitat US prarie pothole region FLooded southern bottomland, hardwood swamps Californias central valley--95% wetland loss So in CA we see high density flocks with problems of predation, disease, and foraging of cropland- where they ingest pesticides and herbicides Wetland loss is critical to longterm waterfowl production. |
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Wetland Function--Furbearers and Alligator Habitiat
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Lousiana harvests
wild alligator harvest captive alligator farms still dependent on wild eggs shrews moles mice rabbits and river otter--not commercial |
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Wetland Function--habitat
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habitat for non commercial wildlife--birds frogs snakes etc
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WEtland function--shoreline stablization
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erosion reduction--roots of wetlands plants will stablize soil, stopping erosion due to wake action at lake sites
spawning and nursery habitat function of sediment trap |
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WEtland function--coastal spawning and nursery habitat
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Especially in LA
65% of commerically imp Gulf of Mexico species depend on coastal spawning non commerical biodiversity |
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Coastal Marsh Problems
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Subsidence
Building of Canals Saltwater Intrusion Sediment delivery COastal Marsh Restoration |
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CM Prob--Subsidence
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THe sinking of coastal marshes, allowing salt water intursion
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CM Prob--Building of Canals
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in coast wetlands for transport
again allowing salt water intrusion into fresh water wetlands kills the vegetation |
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CM Prob--Other probs
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Phragmites- common reed plants, some are intrusive plants
nutria-animal brown marsh disease- cause unkown, kill marsh veg |
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CM PROb- Saltwater intrusion
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weirs--good and bad
A low head dam is called a weir. They are used to protect fresh water marsh from salt water intrusion. But becomes impassible for shrimp, crabs, oyster, larva fishes reducing production by 50%. using flap-gates, slotted weirs, and or boulders are weirs has helped with the prob |
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CM PROB- SEdiment delivery
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projects in mississippi river
RIver diversion projects let sediment into marshland from the river restoring need for land mass. |
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Coastal Marsh Restoration
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Bulding islands, building reefs, terraces--which are lines of sediment and veg to break wave action
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WEtland MGMT
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MGMT AUTHORITY
1. US Army COrps of ENgineers 2. EPA 3. US FIsh and WIdlife services 4. National OCeanic and atmospheric administration 5. FSA charged NRCS with ag wetlands 6. North American WEtlands conservation act |
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Wetland MGMT--US Army corps of engineers
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wetland identification and delineation permit authority for activities affecting navigable and non-navigable water resources; includes dams, dredge and fill.
Permit 404 under the Clean Water Act is the document issued by the corp #1 group in charge of wetlands in the US |
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Wetland MGMT--EPA
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THis agency issues guidelines to the corps for making permit decisions, power to veta Corps permits, numerous wetland programs. The EPA has veto power over permits issued by the USACE.
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Wetland MGMT--US fish kills and wildlife service
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advises corps on permits impact on fish adn widlife in coastal and marine areas.
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Wetland MGMT--Food and Security act
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1985--passed and charged the national resource conversation service (NRCS) with
wetland delineation and identification on agricultural lands identification of wetlands subject to Swampbuster Provisions--provisions made by farmers ineligible for crop insurace and other fed benefits if wetlands were converted. so a farmer cannot drain wetlands and increase his agricultural land without giving up fed benefits. |
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Wetland MGMT--NA wetlands conservation act
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partership betwen public agencies and other interest including mexico and canada. free fed money available for the mgmt of wetlands
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WEtland Restoration/Conservation
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Building dams and levees
dredging irrigating drawdown other mgmt activities--grazing mowing burning spraying trapping other mgmit options |
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Wetland Restoration--Building dams and levees
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can protect a wetland from draining particularly from nearby development
maintain water table and maximum water depth holds water on previously dry land to construct wetlands in new areas |
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Wetland restoration--dredging
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create open water areas in dense marsh
create wave breaks and submerged aquatic veg habitat create deeper areas in marsh ponds for aquatic habitat diversity create nesting islands dor water fowl and terrestiral habitat diversity, increasing overall wetland habitat complexity |
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WEtland restoration--irrigating
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to add water
digging a well would allow the ability to raise the water level during periods of low rainfall, important for manipulating plants that: thrive in water plants that germinate on land byt can then live water removing those that live on land and die when submerged and decay thus adding nutrients |
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WEtland restoration--drawdown
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removing water from the wetland
aerate waterlogged soil and increase nutrient availability encourage germination of emergent plants like cattails and bulrushes permit colonization by terrestrial plants to take up nutrients and return them to aquatic vegetation after flooding nad decomp. timing and duration is critical stimulate wildlife reproduce or inhibit wildlife production |
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Fisheries conservation
habitat |
habitat is the water
high density- movement in water is difficult and causes fish fatigue when caught pressure/depth- physiological problem, example bringing a fish up from a deep depth can kill it due to gas bladder is unable to regulate temperature and dissolved oxygen- physiological stress during the summer, a problem for fish in lakes Poikilothermic- temperature and metabolism, body temperature changes with habitat temperature (Cold water holds more oxygen) |
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indeterminate growth
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with increasing age fish continue to increase in size, this trait is very different from wildlife. fish growth is reduced with age, but it will grow its entire life.
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high fecundity
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unlique life history strategies
fecundity- the number of eggs produced by a female per year fish |
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high juvenile mortality
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fecundity is not necessarily related to population abundance, adult fish "care" for young a week at most, survival of young is very low
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Complex trophic ontogency
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many different types of prey are required at different life stages or how food stuff changes as the fish grows
trophic-feeding, ontogency- development |
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reproductive isolation
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high population diversity due to reproductive isolation.
a population is a group of individuals in a population exchanging genetic material |
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FIsheries MGMT involves manipulation of
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biota, habitat and human user groups to evaluate if a change has occurred.
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Commercial Fisheries MGMT- stock
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the fish stock is a mgmt unit-- a stock could be a population or a part of a population. if some fish migrate and others do not, there would be two stocks, and they would not be managed the same way.
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Commercial Fisheries MGMT- improving habitat
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1. fish are structure oriented, so place structure to concentrate fish
2. coastal marshes are important to many fish for spawning and early development` |
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Comm FIsheries MGMT--MPAs
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declaring a marine protection area--an off limit area to provide critical habitat for fish, same as a terrestrial wildlife refuge
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Stocking
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placing of fish in certain water bodies, often these fish have been spawned and reared at a hatchery facility
DOne to develop fisheries in reclaimed or restored habitats |
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Stocking to maintain fisheries
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called maintenance. as in where there is not natural reproduction.
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Stocking to enhance fisheries
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called supplemental- when low natural production occurs along with a big take of fish, so stocking is needed.
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stocking for habitat modification
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grass carp to eat plants from a lake
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stocking piscivores to control stunting
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remember fish have indeterminate growth, but do not have to grow to live, also they will become sexual mature even when not growing and breed more fish that also stay small due to limited food, so a manager would stock piscivores to eat some of the fish, leaving fewer to feed on the available food base
piscivores- fish that eat fish |
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stock prey organisms
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think of as stocking food, often not successful because the complete food pyramid for the prey fish is not available. Minnows, shad, and shrimps are often stocked.
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Stocking improved organisms
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external fertilization makes hybrization of fish easy "design a fish" hybrid
hybridization often results in a condition known as heterosis or hybrid vigor hybrid fish have faster growth are more aggressive are more disease resistant more environmentally tolerant hybrids and polyploids are animals with 3 or 4 sets of chromosomes, unlike the normal set of 2. they tend to be sterile or have hightly reduced repro capacity-less susceptibility to stunting and establishment in the water body; this gives manager control over the population. |
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Stocking programs are less common now due to concerns related to
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genetic contamination- when a cultured strain is introduced over a native strain
loss of control of itroduced species-many examples of exotic species problems and trophic web changes loss of native species due to predation or competition introduction of diseases and parasites |
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population eradication
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drawdown- carp come into shallow water to spawn; if the water level is drawn down the eggs are exposed to chemicals and die.
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rotenone
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a non selective pesticide (fish poison)
kills by inferring with respiration, from a south american plant where natives use it as a fishing tool |
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TFM and Bayluscide
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for control of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes
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Minimum size regulations
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used to protect fishes until they have had a chance to spawn.
bass-12 inch minimum bc sexually mature at 10 |
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Maximum size regulation
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are used for fish populations in which, old large spawners are an important part of the effective population size.
red drum keep 4-5 27 inch and smaller fish per trip, but only one larger than 27 inch fish |
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lentic
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standing water
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stocking piscivores to control stunting
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remember fish have indeterminate growth, but do not have to grow to live, also they will become sexual mature even when not growing and breed more fish that also stay small due to limited food, so a manager would stock piscivores to eat some of the fish, leaving fewer to feed on the available food base
piscivores- fish that eat fish |
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stock prey organisms
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think of as stocking food, often not successful because the complete food pyramid for the prey fish is not available. Minnows, shad, and shrimps are often stocked.
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Stocking improved organisms
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external fertilization makes hybrization of fish easy "design a fish" hybrid
hybridization often results in a condition known as heterosis or hybrid vigor hybrid fish have faster growth are more aggressive are more disease resistant more environmentally tolerant hybrids and polyploids are animals with 3 or 4 sets of chromosomes, unlike the normal set of 2. they tend to be sterile or have hightly reduced repro capacity-less susceptibility to stunting and establishment in the water body; this gives manager control over the population. |
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Stocking programs are less common now due to concerns related to
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genetic contamination- when a cultured strain is introduced over a native strain
loss of control of itroduced species-many examples of exotic species problems and trophic web changes loss of native species due to predation or competition introduction of diseases and parasites |
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population eradication
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drawdown- carp come into shallow water to spawn; if the water level is drawn down the eggs are exposed to chemicals and die.
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rotenone
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a non selective pesticide (fish poison)
kills by inferring with respiration, from a south american plant where natives use it as a fishing tool |
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TFM and Bayluscide
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for control of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes
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Minimum size regulations
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used to protect fishes until they have had a chance to spawn.
bass-12 inch minimum bc sexually mature at 10 |
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Maximum size regulation
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are used for fish populations in which, old large spawners are an important part of the effective population size.
red drum keep 4-5 27 inch and smaller fish per trip, but only one larger than 27 inch fish |
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lentic
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standing water
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