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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Retroviridae Class VI Genus Lentivirus. Does not kill on its own.
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AIDS
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Acquired Immuno-deficiency syndrome. Based on symptoms. Comprised of many different diseases.
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HIV Activity
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Retroviral RNA integrates itself into host DNA as a provirus. Preferentially infects CD4 T cells, crippling the adaptive immune system.
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HIV Transmission
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Anal, oral, or vaginal sex. Blood transfusion. 4H Club: homosexuals, hemophiliacs, Haitians, heroin addicts.
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Less Common HIV Transmission
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Drug injection (and other forms of skin puncture), pregnancy, breast milk, transplantation.
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Symptoms
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Stage 1: Acute Infection, usually no symptoms, sometimes flu-like. Stage 2: Asymptomatic Stage, HIV slowly depleting CD4+ T cells. Stage 3: Symptomatic Stage, compromised immune system & 2ndary diseases manifest. Stage 4: AIDS.
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Stage 3: Symptomatic Stage
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HIV destroys lymphoid organs and CD4+ T cells. This destroys immunological memory - cannot attend to new infections, old infections worsen, past infections forgotten, new vaccinations ineffective.
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Stage 3 Symptoms
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Drugs often kill patient before virus does - cause neurological problems. Cardinal Thrush yeast infection of the tongue and Kaposi's Sarcoma.
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Stage 4: AIDS
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Defined by CD4 T-cell count <200 cells/microliter of blood, CD4 T-cells less than 14% total lymphocytes, presence of 27 symptoms. Most people oscillate between feeling well and sick.
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HIV/AIDS Treatment
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No cure. Three drug classes: nucleoside analogs (reverse transcriptase inhibitors or "nukes"), non-nucleoside analogs ("non-nukes"), and protease inhibitors. Therapy: monotherapy or HAART (highly-active antiretroviral therapy, drug cocktail).
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HIV/AIDS Prevention & Control
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Failed vaccines. Education. Safer sex practices: condoms, partner notification/restriction, abstinence. Antimicrobials.
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Why AIDS is a Global Threat
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No vaccine. Drug therapies expensive, mainly palliative, & sometimes ineffectual. Lack of global infrastructure. No constant, specific symptoms. Social/emotional dimensions.
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Norwalk Virus
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Caliciviridae Class IV Norovirus. Major cause of GI upset: stomach flu and gastroenteritis.
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Norovirus Transmission
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Primarily fecal-oral: salads, sandwiches, bakery products. Person-to-person. Nosocomial (hospital-acquired). Causes 50% of "food poisoning" cases.
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Norovirus Symptoms
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GI upset: nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, chills. No cardinal symptom.
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Norovirus Treatment, P&C
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Palliative treatment. Handwashing*, gloves, sanitary food prep practices.
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