Rna And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

What are genes made of?

Back 1

the nucleotides ATCG

Front 2

What are chromosomes made of?

Back 2

DNA

Front 3

What is the gene code for proteins?

Back 3

polypeptides

Front 4

What do proteins control?

Back 4

cells and the organism comprised of those cells

Front 5

What makes up the cell structure?

Back 5

proteins

Front 6

What is the hypothesis for one gene-one protein?

Back 6

each gene codes for one protein (might not be true since genes work together)

Front 7

What is protein synthesis?

Back 7

Deciphering the DNA code for proteins.

Front 8

Where does the assembly of protein take place?

Back 8

In the ribosome.

Front 9

Where is the ribosome located?

Back 9

In the cytoplasm of the cell, away from the nucleus and DNA

Front 10

What is a ribosome made up of?

Back 10

A small subunit and a large subunit

Front 11

What does tRNA make up the structure of?

Back 11

the ribosome

Front 12

What are the large and small subunits made of?

Back 12

Tangled masses of tRNA

Front 13

What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?

Back 13

ribose (a sugar), a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base

Front 14

How many strands does RNA have?

Back 14

one

Front 15

How many strands does DNA have?

Back 15

two

Front 16

What are the four bases of RNA?

Back 16

A,C, G, U

Front 17

What sugar is in RNA?

Back 17

ribose

Front 18

What are the four bases of DNA?

Back 18

A,T,C, G

Front 19

What sugar is in DNA?

Back 19

deoxyribose (lacks an oxygen)

Front 20

What process makes mRNA?

Back 20

transcription

Front 21

When does transcription begin?

Back 21

Only when a cell needs a protein.

Front 22

How many proteins does DNA have the code for?

Back 22

thousands

Front 23

How much of the DNA is used at one time to make a needed protein?

Back 23

Only the part with the code for that protein.

Front 24

What is made when proteins that are not needed are transcribed anyway?

Back 24

mutations and defects

Front 25

What does it men if a gene that codes for something is turned on?

Back 25

It starts making the protein

Front 26

What is the first step to transcription?

Back 26

The hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases are broken.

Front 27

What breaks the hydrogen bonds to make mRNA?

Back 27

the enzyme used to match the nucleotides - polymerase.

Front 28

What is the second step in transcription?

Back 28

The enzyme polymerase matches free floating RNA nucleotides in the nucleus to the separated molecule.

Front 29

What is the third thing that happens in transcription?

Back 29

A specific sequence of DNA marks the initiation and termination of the gene that is going to be made into a protein.

Front 30

What is the fourth thing that happens in transcription?

Back 30

The polymerase makes a complimentary strand to the parent strand that is RNA.

Front 31

What is RNA elongation?

Back 31

The process of making mRNA.

Front 32

What is the order of primes when making RNA?

Back 32

The RNA polymerase makes RNA from the 5' end to the 3' end.

Front 33

What site on RNA does the second tRNA bond to?

Back 33

the A site

Front 34

What is the first part of the DNA sequence called?

Back 34

the promoter

Front 35

What is the end part of the DNA called?

Back 35

the terminator

Front 36

What is the relationship between the promoter and RNA polymerase?

Back 36

RNA polymerase starts RNA creation at the promoter.

Front 37

What happens to the DNA molecule as the RNA polymerase moves along it?

Back 37

The hydrogen bonds split, and the mRNA is separated.

Front 38

How can you tell that a molecule is RNA?

Back 38

It has a single strand and uracil bases.

Front 39

What is an anticodon?

Back 39

A sequence of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to the complementary triplet (codon) in messenger RNA to specify an amino acid during protein synthesis.

Front 40

What bonds with each anticodon letter?

Back 40

A-U
U-A
G-C

Front 41

What site on the ribosome does the tRNA bond to?

Back 41

the P site

Front 42

What site on the ribosome does the second tRNA bond to?

Back 42

the A site

Front 43

What happens to the amino acids in translation?

Back 43

the P site's tRNA releases amino acid and the A bonds to the other amino acid of A site's tRNA

Front 44

What does RF stand for?

Back 44

release factor

Front 45

What does GUU stand for?

Back 45

valine

Front 46

What does GAA stand for?

Back 46

Glutamic acid

Front 47

What is UAA?

Back 47

stop

Front 48

How many codons are there?

Back 48

64

Front 49

How many needed amino acids are there?

Back 49

20

Front 50

What are start and stop codons?

Back 50

those at the beginning and end of an mRNA strands.

Front 51

What is the start codon?

Back 51

AUG

Front 52

What are the stop codons?

Back 52

UAA, UAG, UGA

Front 53

AUG?

Back 53

Methionine

Front 54

UAA?

Back 54

stop

Front 55

UUA

Back 55

lencine

Front 56

CGU

Back 56

arginine

Front 57

UGU

Back 57

cysteine

Front 58

CUU

Back 58

leucine

Front 59

AGG

Back 59

arginine

Front 60

AAA

Back 60

lysine

Front 61

CAA

Back 61

glutamine

Front 62

GAG

Back 62

glutamic acid

Front 63

GCC

Back 63

alanine

Front 64

AAC

Back 64

asparagine

Front 65

CCC

Back 65

proline

Front 66

UUU

Back 66

phenylalanine

Front 67

GGA

Back 67

glycine

Front 68

UGG

Back 68

tryptophan

Front 69

What amino acid must every protein start with?

Back 69

methionine

Front 70

What must every protein end with?

Back 70

stop

Front 71

methionine

Back 71

AUG

Front 72

asparagine

Back 72

AAU

Front 73

threanine

Back 73

ACG

Front 74

stop

Back 74

UAA

Front 75

leucine

Back 75

CUG

Front 76

proline

Back 76

GGG

Front 77

leucine

Back 77

CUA

Front 78

If a protein does not end with a stop, what is it?

Back 78

a mutation

Front 79

What do the nucleotides A,T, C and G make up

Back 79

genes

Front 80

What do genes code for?

Back 80

proteins

Front 81

What is protein synthesis?

Back 81

The process through which DNA codes are deciphered.

Front 82

How many sub units make up the ribosome?

Back 82

2 sub units - the small and the large

Front 83

Where is the ribosome located?

Back 83

In the cytoplasm of the cell, away from the nucleus and the DNA

Front 84

Where in the cell is the DNA?

Back 84

The DNA is in the nucleus.

Front 85

How does the DNA relay its instructions to the ribosome?

Back 85

through the RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Front 86

What are the three types of RNA

Back 86

transfer, ribosomal, and messenger

Front 87

What does mRNA do?

Back 87

mRNA carries the message from the DNA in the nucleus to the the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Front 88

Which RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome to make the proteins?

Back 88

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 89

Amino acids are what of the proteins?

Back 89

monomers

Front 90

During transcription, what is the template for the mRNA?

Back 90

the DNA in the nucleus

Front 91

What are the monomers of the proteins?

Back 91

amino acids

Front 92

The instructions in mRNA are in the form of?

Back 92

codons

Front 93

How many bases are in a codon code?

Back 93

3

Front 94

How many amino acids are there?

Back 94

20

Front 95

What DNA strand does this mRNA come from ' AUG UUC GAA GCU 3'

Back 95

3' TAC AAG CTT CGA 5'

Front 96

When do multiple ribosomes work on the same mRNA to translate it together?

Back 96

when it is very long

Front 97

Give a summary of transcription:

Back 97

A) DNA unzips
B) RNA polymerase subunits attach to the mRNA
C) RNA polymerase attaches free floating RNA nucleotides to the DNA template
D) Enzymes cut out the introns and splice together the exons
E) mRNA is made and it leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Front 98

Give a summary of translation:

Back 98

F) ribosomal subunits attached to the mRNA
G) the first tRNA carries amino acid tothe ribosome and bonds at the P site
H) the anticodon on the tRNA matches to the codon on the mRNA
I) the next tRNA bonds to the mRNA at the A site
J) the tRNAs release the amino acid
K) the amino acid bonds together and forms a polypeptide protein