Rn Toxicology: Chapter 8

Front 1

cancer

Back 1

disease of cellular mutation, proliferation, and abnormal cell growth

Front 2

neoplasia

Back 2

new growth or autonomous growth of tissue

Front 3

benign neoplasms

Back 3

lesions characterized by expansive growth, frequently exhibiting slow rates of proliferation that do not invade surrounding tissue or organs

Front 4

malignant neoplasm

Back 4

invasive growth characteristics, capable of spreading throughout the organ of origin, and through metastasis to other tissues and organs

Front 5

metastaes

Back 5

secondary growths derived from the cells of the primary malignant neoplasm

Front 6

genotoxic (DNA reactive)

Back 6

interact physically with DNA to damage or change its structure

Front 7

nongenotoxic (epigenetic)

Back 7

change how DNA expresses information without modifying or directly damaging its structure

Front 8

rating system of cancer-causing potential

Back 8

Group A: carcinogenic to humans; Group B: likely to be carcinogenic to humans; Group C: suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential; Group D: inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential; Group E: not likely to be carcinogenic to humans

Front 9

main unit of DNA and RNA

Back 9

pentose; DNA uses H, RNA uses OH

Front 10

nitrogenous bases

Back 10

purine and pyrimidine

Front 11

common purines

Back 11

adenine and guanine (both DNA and RNA)

Front 12

cyctosine; DNA or RNA?

Back 12

both

Front 13

thymine; DNA or RNA?

Back 13

DNA

Front 14

uracil; DNA or RNA?

Back 14

RNA

Front 15

two types of sugars

Back 15

ribose and deoxyribose

Front 16

complementary base pairing

Back 16

A-T and G-C

Front 17

mutation

Back 17

permanent heritable alterations of DNA which alters the base sequence

Front 18

germline mutation

Back 18

occurs in ova or sperm cells and can be passed to future generations

Front 19

somatic mutation

Back 19

occurs in nongerm cells and cannot be passed

Front 20

UV radiation causes ______

Back 20

formation of cyclobutyl rings between adjacent thymine residues on the same DNA strand

Front 21

ionizing radiation causes _____

Back 21

DNA strand breakage

Front 22

direct-acting carcinogen

Back 22

do not require metabolic activation or chemical modification to induce cancer

Front 23

indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens (procarcinogens)

Back 23

require subsequent metabolism to be carcinogenic

Front 24

aflatoxin

Back 24

naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of a fungus Aspergillus

Front 25

N-Nitrosodiumethylamine (NDMA)

Back 25

semi-volatile organic chemical that is highly toxic and is suspected to be a human carcinogen (pepper, meat, fish, tobacco)

Front 26

transitions

Back 26

one purine is replaced by another

Front 27

tranversions

Back 27

purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa

Front 28

insertion/delition mutation

Back 28

one or more nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted from DNA

Front 29

common sites of alkylation

Back 29

N3, N7 and O6 of guanine; N7 of adenine

Front 30

intercalating agents

Back 30

insert between stacked base pairs and increasae the distance between two consecutive base pairs almost two-fold

Front 31

aromatic amines and amides

Back 31

produces liver and bladder carcinogenicity

Front 32

bensidine

Back 32

bladder and pancreatic cancer

Front 33

hypermethylation

Back 33

genes associated with gene silencing

Front 34

hpomethylation

Back 34

results in enhanced expression of genes; increased mutation rates

Front 35

______ in reactive oxygen in the cell contributes to the carcinogenesis process

Back 35

increase

Front 36

aristolochic acid

Back 36

high mutation frequency in abundance of A-T transversions

Front 37

safrole

Back 37

weak heptacarcinogen and considerable interest whether the allyl moiety or the methyenedoixy group, or both, are involved in mechanism of its carcinogenesis

Front 38

arsenic

Back 38

increases cancer risks in skin, lungs, digestive tract, liver, bladder, kidney, and lymphatic and hematopoietic systems

Front 39

beryllium

Back 39

higher lung cancer rates

Front 40

cadium

Back 40

inhalation is suspected to be a possible cause of lung cancer

Front 41

nickel

Back 41

produces DNA strand break, mutation, chromosomal damage, cell transformation, and modulation of DNA repair

Front 42

lead

Back 42

genetic damage of DNA synthesis and repair, oxidative damage, and interaction with DNA-binding proteins and tumor-suppressor proteins