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26 Cards in this Set
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Yuga
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The four phases of the cycle
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the YUGA, the first stage is the most pure and uncorrupted stage, our intellect is sharp, as we go through the different cycles, we become more impure and much less clear
o The negative elements take over in the top of the cycle which causes the degenerative stage of the cycles, we see more degeneration and more disease o KALI YUGA: more cconcerns with the selfish interests and filled with conflict and environmental conflicts, this is the last stage of the cycle, we are apparently in the Kali Yuga. |
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Samsara
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1) what Karma requires.The continuing cycle of rebirth or reincarn
-Shakyamuni is known to have reached enlightenment and liberation from samsara after hundreds of previous lives to perfect it. - a significant difference between Buddhism and others that stress the manifestation of deity in a human form. - Opposite from nirvana, samsara is the temporal and nirvana being eternal. |
Madhyamika teaching: logically identical to nirvana, emptiness to the phenomenal world.
- the perspective of higher wisdom no distinction. - this caused seperation amongst school of thoughts |
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Karma
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1) The energy of the individual's past thoughts and actions, good or bad; it determines rebirth within the 'wheel' of samsara or cycle of rebirth that ends only when parinirvana is achieved,
- it is believed to determine the quality of rebirth in future lives. A system of rewards and punishments attached to various actions. - can't escape the consequences - what makes the world go round |
Janism:
- actual material substance that settles on our spirit, jiva, and constraints us. - it obscures our ability to see from all the dust, so we have to get rid of dust, desire, in order to penetrate through the darkness. |
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Dharma
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1)JAnism: religious and social duty
- the most important principle in the world - main cause for all happiness - comes from human beings and through it, human beings attain what is good |
2)"firma"- teachings that are firm or lasting. the Second Gem.
-In Buddhist usage, teaching or truth concerning the ultimate nature of things: laws of nature and reality of spiritual forces and rules of moral conduct. - Buddha set the wheel of dharma, teaching, in motion. -short numbered lists to summarize dharma teachings - the four noble truths and the eightfold path |
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Janism
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-non violance, ahimsa, is the highest form of religious conduct. it is central to individual spiritual, physical well-being, environmental protection, global peace.
- immortality of soul and karma - universe pulsates with life in countless forms, any damage to the life is a stain on the soul - only through non-violance and "right conduct" can soul be restored and achieve liberation from the cycle of life and death - oldest religion that had an order of nuns, early generations outnumbered the monks. - split into 2 sects:Svetambaras, Digambaras |
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Vardhamana Mahavira
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the most recent of the 24 jinas.
- honoured as a tirthankara: enable the fiathful to cross through the river of life to the shore of enlightenment. - gone through the suffering of life and attained enlightenment- jina (victors). -597 BCE, elder contemporary of life. - lifestyle: shamina, stood infront of fear and danger, no possession, patient with hardhsip. -knew rules of penance, self-controlled and siciplined. - conquered the cycle of life and death. - followers, 6cent BCE, are Jain(a)s- followers of the Victorious one. |
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Hagiography
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An account of a figure's life from a faith-based perspective (and thus VERY different from modern conceptions of bibliographies)
- corresponds to specific doctrines of beliefs of the Buddhism and Janism |
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Svetambaras (white clad)
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Clothing - view that it is possible to achieve enlightenment even if adhere to conventions of society.
-It IS possible for women to achieve enlightenment while in a female body, and cite examples of women they hold to have done just that (ex: Mahavira's mother, other Jinas) and say that he himself ordained women. -Mahavira an ordinary person who struggled and achieved enlightenment via his own mettle. -Mahavira's hagiography: he married (a princess) and had a daughter before embarking on his quest for enlightenment. Different scriptural canon |
Mahavira according to the white-clad tradition:
* Married with a child. Implication(s): an ordinary person, with an 'ordinary' (or typical) life. * Ordained women, his mother held to have achieved enlightenment. Implication(s): women can achieve enlightenment AS women. |
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Digambaras (sky clad)
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Lack of clothing - idea that people cannot achieve enlightenment if still bound by conventions of society (such as shame)
-Women cannot achieve enlightenment while still in a female body (b/c problematic for them to go naked [menstrual cycles], thus will nec. have to adhere to that particular convention of society). However, gender is not an absolute aspect of a person, can change from lifetime to lifetime. - Mahavira was an almost divine person, was not really immersed in the world in the same way other people are. Mahavira's hagiography: he never married nor had offspring. -Different scriptural canon |
Mahariva according to the sky-clad tradition:
*Waits for parents to die before becoming an ascetic (i.e.: no wife and child. ) Implication(s): accords well with (or perhaps derived from, or vice versa) the view of his almost divine nature, not really entangled in the world the way most people are (idea that marriage/children are concerns of 'normal' humans *After enlightenment become like a crystal, neither eats nor sleeps, without speaking he transmits his teaching via 'om' which then interpreted by chief disciple. Implication(s): again, accords well with the view of his almost divine nature - the need for food and sleep being fundamental human needs, and idea that an intermediary is nec. between him and the 'normal' human world. |
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Svastika
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- jain symbolism
- read the human predicament and means of overcoming it. - the four spokes represent the four stages of this existence in the wheel of samsara. -seen everywhere: temples, doorways, cards. |
in meditation: special with 3 additional dots on top, with a crescent.
4 arms-4 realms of possible births: human, heavenly, infernal, plant/animal. Crescent: land of the perfected soul; freedom, knowledge, liberation. Dot: meditating part, where we want to go and we can get out of 4 lims through the 3 jewels. 3 jewels: 1. right faith 2. right knowledge 3. right conduct |
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Mahavrata- 5 principles
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1) ahimsa- most important
2) Truth (satya): but not when it could cause violence 3) No stealing 4) Sexual Purity 5) Non-possession |
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Sallekhana
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- fasting unto death
- the ideal and is reserved for the wisest and most holy -not considered suicide, death with dignity, and dispassion, in a meditative state of mind with total control - ultimate expression of restraint from violence to living things. |
nowadays: vegetarianism is strongly encouraged
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Budha
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-one who is awoken and aware
-Shakyamuni Budha: - achieved enlightenment and moksha from samsara. Hagiography: - |
set the wheel of dharma, established sangha, and charged his followers to carry the dharma to all religions of the world.
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Buddhism
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-take refuge in the triple gem:
Buddha, Dharma, Samgha. •Taking Refuge: the process of conversion into Buddhism ( and acknowledgment ), to truly become a Buddhist you must announce refuge to the 3 refuges or 3 element or the 3 jewls of Buddhism - developed after the death of Buddha to continue the traditions Theravada: earliest, Southeast Asia. Mahayana:East Asia Vajrayana: Northern - more compassionate, more generous, more detached from desire and hatred, more focused mentally, more pure of mind, more spiritually wise. |
- universe arise and pass away in endless succession.
- no God is needed, the siddhartha knows when to be reborn and of the needs of the world. - |
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Enlightenment
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Bodhisattva:
- Theravada: a being who is on the way to enlightenment or buddhahood but has not yet achieved it - Mahayana: a celestial being who forgoes nirvana in order to save others. - Bodhi tree of awakening. - Buddha sat at the slump of a tree all night and dawn till he reached nirvana. Bodhi: a state of total insight into the nature of reality. |
Nirvana:
negative aspect, nirvana represents freedom from worldly evils such as greed, hatred, and delusion. positive aspect- represents transcendent happiness. |
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Four Noble Truths and 8 fold path
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1)Suffering: no living being can escape suffering-dukha
2)Origin: suffering arises from craving- trishna 3)Cessation: suffering will cease when desire ceases 4)Eightfold Path: |
Eightfold path:
1)right view (4 noble truths) 2)right thought (free of desire and crulety) 3) right speech 4) right conduct 5)right livelihood 6)right effort 7) right mindfulness 8) right meditation craft a path of stability and moderation |
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3 characteristics of existence
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suffering
impermanence: passing nature of all things, all earthly things are constantly changing. no-soul (Anatman): the implications of impermanece for human life Primarial Doctrinal Difference between Janism and Buddhism |
Janism: underneath all process of change there is a soul that doesn't change
Buddhism: everything changes in the outside world, but also there is no constant experience, not immune to change. they deny the existence of anatman. • 5 components to buddhism : these five parts are always in a constant state of change o form o sensation/ Perception o Interpretation of sensationscan also have misinterpretations o Decision Makingyou act in a manner that relys on perception. (hard floor=don’t sit down) o Develop a mindset (personality) which is the culmination of 1-4 what explains continuity? |
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Dependent Origination-
Pratitya Samutpada |
-Existence is seen as an interrelated flux of transient events that occur in a series, one producing another.
-a wheel with 12 spokes representing the 12 interconnected stages of dependent origination. begins with ignorance ends with death and continues as a cycle till nirvana. |
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Sangha
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2 components:
- monastic community of ordained men (bhikshus) and women (bhikshunis), and broad community of all the lay who follow Buddha's path - controversy with donations that led to a council to deal with the issue: a diversion arose between the Great Sangha' (Mahasangha) and the "Elders" (Theravada) |
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Theravada
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Southern East Asia
- way of elders, more conservative - preserving Buddhism in its original form. - does not recognize as scripture anything written after the formation of the Tripitaka. - sees the Buddha as an exceptional human being who suffered, reflected and achieved a level of insight - insists that Archant are perfected beings and that their enlightenment is qualitatively the same as Buddha, but once you achieve this level you REMAIN perfect. - truest practice of Buddhism had to be monastic sangha - style of meditation practce based on a theoratical analysis on the component of personality. |
-discipline of the bikshu as a precondition for enlightenment
-historical Shakyamuni -only way to e & l was through personal effort, no supernatural grace on which human beings could call |
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Mayahana
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remainder parts
"Greater Vehicle" - became very popular and ritual site developed in India, then to China, Korean, and Japan. -Theravada and Mahayana, different vehicles (yanas) travelling the same path to enlightenment. Characteristic Doctrinal Differences: 1) emphasis on Upaya- skill: a truly skillfull teacher is able to adapt their teachings to the levels of the students, identify their proclimity and to bring them up to the level of Buddha - the Buddha has the potentiality to be understood |
- offered laypeople the opportunity to strive enlightenment as well
- a framework in which he represented only one manifestation of buddhahood - populated the heavens with bodhisattvas dedicated to helping all those who prayed to them for assistance - 3 bodies: Trikaya 1) phenominal/appearance 2) Body of Bliss 3) Dharma Body |
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Tripitaka: 3 Baskets
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Buddhist scripture
1)sutrapitaka 2)vinaya pitaka 3)Abhi Dharma |
Theravada
Mahayana: |
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King Manander story
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• The story/ comparison to a chariot/car: the great hking Manander goes to the Buddhist named Sage. The king askes sage to teach him about no self. First the Buddhist monk asks the king how he got there and the king replies, “my chariot”. Sage then says, “ suppose you take the wheels and the frame apart and then recycle them. Then take the engine and recycle that as well. The monk then asks the king, where is you chariot, is it still a chariot without these objects? All the parts are exposed to change. You as a person, without form and with out shape, if someone askes you what you are, everything that you would describe to them is just a variable to a piece that is exposed to change. You can never completely identify your self in any one point in time.
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Anitya
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things are always changing, they can be big or small changes, but regardless, change brings about anxiety. Literally anitya means impermanence
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Duhka
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is the anxiety that is brought forth from Anitya, since nothing is constant in the world, the inconsistency generates anxiety and which keeps us on our toes. Duhka doesn’t have to be unpleasurable, sometimes it generates pleasurable feelings, and others it can go against us. The idea of change is the source of suffering.
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Anatman
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literally means no self. It strongly applies to the concept of anitya to the self. Nothing in the world is immune to change, so we also participate in change. There is the idea of lasting spirit or soul which is (atman) in Anatman. During the process of change the only thing that stay sthe same is atman, it is the only thing that Is constant
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