Rit Anatomy And Physiology I Test 3

Front 1

Integration

Back 1

The process (located mainly in the CNS) of processing sensory input

Front 2

CNS

Back 2

Central Nervous System - the brain and spinal column

Front 3

PNS

Back 3

Peripheral Nervous System - spinal and cranial nerves

Front 4

Motor / Efferent Division

Back 4

Section of PNS that carries impulses to SNS or ANS

Front 5

SNS

Back 5

Somatic Nervous System - a division of the efferent portion of the PNS that carries impulses toward skeletal muscles for conscious action

Front 6

ANS

Back 6

Autonomous Nervous System - a division of the efferent portion of the PNS that automatically regulates organs, cardiac muscles and glands

Front 7

Parasympathetic Division of PNS

Back 7

Attempts to conserve energy and restore energy to body when at rest

Front 8

Sympathetic Division of PNS

Back 8

Causes actions in autonomic nerves - the continued pumping of the heart, eg.

Front 9

Neuroglia

Back 9

Smaller cells that Neurons associate with for supportive scaffolding and other functions. They include Microglia, ependymal cells,

Front 10

Astrocytes

Back 10

Most abundant CNS glial, act as basic connective tissue (transferring impulses, chemicals, and participate in thinking)

Front 11

Microglia

Back 11

CNS glial cell -
small ovoid cells that touch neurons to inspect their health. when a neuron is particularly injured or dead, or if they find alien particles, they bunch around it and eventually form special macrophages that phagocytizes the object.

Front 12

Ependymal cell

Back 12

CNS glial cell -
cilia facilitate the flow of CSP in cavities-
Varied in shape, usually ciliated - line the central cavities of brain/spine to make a barrier between tissue and CSP

Front 13

Oligodendrocytes

Back 13

CNS glial cell -
Primarily Myelin Sheaths -
branch (as do astrocytes) but mainly wrap around thicker neuron fibers forming insulated coverings

Front 14

Schwann (aka neurolemmocytes)

Back 14

PNS glial cell-
surround nerve fibers, similar to oligodendrocytes

Front 15

Satellite Cells

Back 15

PNS glial cells -
Controls extracellular fluid environment around neurons similarly to astrocytes of the CNS

Front 16

Which two types of neuroglia controls the extracellular fluid environment around neuron cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?

Back 16

CNS: Astrocytes
PNS: Satellite Cells

Front 17

What two types of neuroglia form insulating coverings called myelin sheaths?

Back 17

CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann Cells

Front 18

What is "Integration" and where does it occur?

Back 18

Integration is the processing of input signal, ergo it occurs in the brain (CNS).

Front 19

Which subdivision of the PNS is involved in:
1. relaying the full feeling in your stomach
2. contracting your arm muscles
3. increasing your heart rate

Back 19

1. PNS: Afferent
2. PNS: Efferent: Somatic
3. PNS: Efferent: ANS: Sympathetic

Front 20

Major biosynthetic center of a neuron containing usual cellular organelles

Back 20

Cell body / soma / perikaryon

Front 21

Nissl Bodies / chromatophilic substance

Back 21

A nerve cell's rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 22

Microtubules and neurofibrils

Back 22

Maintain the shape and structure of the nerve cells

Front 23

Axon / Axon Hillock

Back 23

Axon - impulse generating and conducting region
Axon Hillock - internal area of axon interfacing with cell body

Front 24

Axon Terminals

Back 24

The end of the Axon
- secretory region

Front 25

Direction of impulses in a nerve cell

Back 25

From the dendrites toward the axon terminals

Front 26

Dendrites

Back 26

extensions of the cell body of a neuron that extend out to receive impulses

Front 27

Axon collaterals

Back 27

Axon branches extending from another axon at ~90 degree angles; these are usually at the end of the parent axon and are what comprise axon terminals

Front 28

Myelin sheaths

Back 28

Made of glial cells - Conduct impulses rapidly, hastening the signals' travel

Front 29

Axolemma

Back 29

The neuron's plasma membrane

Front 30

Nodes of Ravier / myelin sheath gaps

Back 30

Gaps in the length of the myelin sheath (~1 mm apart)

Front 31

Gray Matter

Back 31

matter containing mostly nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

Front 32

White Matter

Back 32

dense collections of myelinated fibers

Front 33

Which part of the neuron is its fiber?

Back 33

The axon

Front 34

How does nerve fibers differ from the fibers of connective tissue?

Back 34

In connective tissue fibers are elongated proteins cells, whereas in neurons the fibers are an organelle of a cell.

Front 35

How is a nucleus within the brain different from a nucleus within a neuron?

Back 35

The nucleus in the brain is shared between a cluster of cell bodies whereas in the neurons they act as the control center for its cell.

Front 36

How is a myelin sheath formed in the CNS and what is its function?

Back 36

In the CNS it is formed by oligodendrocytes that wrap the axons with their plasma membranes.

Front 37

Structural classification of Neurons

Back 37

Multipolar (99% of neurons, major type in CNS)
Bipolar (rare, found in eyes)
Unipolar (Common only in dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves)

Front 38

Structural classification of Neurons

Back 38

Motor / Efferent
Sensory / Afferent
Interneurons / Association

Front 39

When you burn your finger, what nerve is activated first?

Back 39

unipolar sensory/afferent neurons

Front 40

When you burn your finger, what is the last nerve

Back 40

multipolar motor/efferent neurons

Front 41

Chemically / Ligand gated channels

Back 41

when appropriate chemicals are present

Front 42

voltage gated channels

Back 42

changes in the membrane potential

Front 43

mechanically gated channels

Back 43

sensory receptors for pressure/ touch

Front 44

Ohm's Law

Back 44

Current = Voltage / Resistance

Front 45

Depolarization

Back 45

a reduction in the membrane potential

the inside of the membrane loses electrons

Front 46

Hyperpolarization

Back 46

an increase in the membrane potential

The inside of the membrane gains electrons

Front 47

Graded potentials

Back 47

short lived localized changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarizations or hyperpolarizations

Front 48

AP ("nerve impulse" in neuron)

Back 48

Action Potential

a brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of ~100mV

Front 49

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 49

The time from the initial opening of the Na+ channels to their first closin

Front 50

Relative refractory period

Back 50

The time after an AP when the threshold is much higher since there is still a tendency toward equilibrium on the membrane --

doing anything is possible, but more demanding

Front 51

synaptic cleft / gap junction

Back 51

The separation space between neurons at a synapse.

Front 52

EPSP

Back 52

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials -
the graded imbalance that creates a reaction from the postsynaptic membrane.

Allowance of K+ and Na+ ions to pass through the membranes results in a net imbalance of potential

Front 53

ISPS

Back 53

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

The refractive period that ensures that, once a synapse has fired, as it's returning to equilibrium it is less likely to fire.

Allowance of K+ and Cl- ions to move through membranes

Front 54

EPSP Summation

Back 54

Temporal Summation
- when one or more presynaptic neuron triggers (basically the postsynaptic membrane doesn't have the time to recover between firings)

Spatial Summation
- Neurons from a small area all fire once and their shared potential triggers the postsynaptic membrane

Front 55

Facilitated neurons

Back 55

Neurons whose postsynaptic membrane is nearing (but not yet at) the point of triggering a potential

Front 56

Synaptic Potentiation

Back 56

The ability of a synapse to respond to stimulus over time by becoming more responsive to it - like trepps for muscles

Front 57

Presynaptic inhibition

Back 57

When the presynaptic neuron prevents releases less chemicals in response to an impulse than it would without interference

Front 58

Classifying Neurotransmitters: Chemically

Back 58

Acetylcholine - degraded by acetylcholinesterase, found at neuromuscular junctures
Biogenic Amines - mainly in the brain has to do with sleep scheduling and mood. serotonin.
Amino Acids - difficult to divine the general rule because of the common nature of amino acids.
Peptides - endorphins acting as natural opiates and reducing our perception of pain
Purines -
Gases and Lipids -

Front 59

Classifying Neurotransmitters: Functionally

Back 59

Effects: Excitatory vs Inhibitory
Actions: Direct vs Indirect

Front 60

Neural Plate

Back 60

Weeks 1-4 in the formation of the embryo, the neural plate is all there is of the brain

Front 61

Neural tube

Back 61

Developed by week 4 of embryonic development, second significant stage of embryonic brain

(formed by the Neural Plate developing folds which then crest and join to make a tube)

Front 62

Primary brain vesicles

Back 62

Formed from the neural tube, these divide the brain into developmental regions:

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

Front 63

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Back 63

Divides into smaller sections in week 5:

telencephalon ("endbrain")
diencephalon ("interbrain")

Front 64

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Back 64

Remain undivided, known as the cerebral aquaduct

contains the brain stem and midbrain

Front 65

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Back 65

Divides into smaller sections in week 5:

metencephalon ("afterbrain")
myelencephalon ("spinal brain")

Front 66

Telencephalon ("endbrain")

Back 66

Forms the lateral ventricles

Cerebrum: cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei

Front 67

Diencephalon ("interbrain")

Back 67

Forms the Third Ventricle

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina

Front 68

Metencephalon ("afterbrain")

Back 68

Forms the Fourth Ventricle with Myelencephalon

Pons, Cerebellum

Front 69

Myelencephalon ("spinal brain")

Back 69

Forms the Fourth Ventricle with Metencephalon

medulla oblongata

Front 70

Which ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

Back 70

The Third Ventricle

Front 71

Brodmann areas

Back 71

The 52 areas of the brain identified by

Front 72

Primary Motor cortex (motor)

Back 72

Allows control of voluntary movement around the body with pyramidal cells

Front 73

Pyramidal cells

Back 73

large neurons located in primary motor cortex gyri allow us to consciously control voluntary movements

Their axons comprise pyramidal tracts

Front 74

Premotor cortex (motor)

Back 74

anterior to the frontal lobe, this region controls learned motor skills such as typing, drawing, and playing instruments. also this region is included in planning movement.

Front 75

Broca's Area (motor)

Back 75

anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area. Helps in speaking and planning speaking. This is usually found in only one of the hemispheres (usually left)

Front 76

Frontal eye field (motor)

Back 76

voluntary movement of the eyes, located anterior to the premotor cortex

Front 77

Primary somatosensory cortex (sensory)

Back 77

grants us spacial discrimination,

Front 78

Somatosensory association cortex

Back 78

temperature pressure etc

Front 79

name the components of the basal nuclei

Back 79

Caudate nucleus
putamen
global pallidus

Front 80

Basal Nuclei / Basal Ganglia ('Ganglia' is depreciated)

Back 80

the third basic region of each hemisphere, a grouping of subcortical nuclei.

Front 81

Cerebral white matter

Back 81

the second basic group of each cerebral hemisphere

Front 82

Commissures (made of Commissural fibers)

Back 82

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

Front 83

Corpus Callosum

Back 83

largest commissure in brian

Front 84

association fibers

Back 84

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Front 85

projection fibers

Back 85

either enter the cerebral cortex from lower brain or cord centers, or they descend from the cortex to lower areas.