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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Risk factors for HIV (7)
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Unsafe sex, esp. receptive anal
A large number of sexual partners Prior or current STI IVDU Pre-1985 blood transfusion Needle-stick injury Maternal HIV infection |
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Risk factors for breast cancer (10)
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Older age
FHx Early menarche Late menopause Nulliparity or late parity cHRT OCP use Adult weight gain Sedentary lifestyle Alcohol consumption |
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Risk factors for cervical cancer (12)
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Persistent HPV infection with an oncogenic strain (16, 18 etc)
Smoking Many sexual partners Early sexual debut Low SES/access to health care FHx Immunosuppression Chlamydia infection Obesity Low fruit diet Multiparity Diethylstilbestrol exposure |
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Risk factors for lung cancer (9)
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Exposure to:
Tobacco smoke Asbestos Radon Radiation Chromium, nickel and arsenic Halogen ether Atmospheric pollution Vinyl chloride Also, chronic interstitial pneumonitis |
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Risk factors for colorectal cancer (10)
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Older age (peaks at 65)
FHx High dietary fats Low fruit and veg intake Low fibre IBD, esp. UC Alcohol consumption Tobacco use Obesity Sedentary lifestyle |
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Risk factors for failure to thrive (10)
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Parental poverty
Low birth weight/preterm delivery Maternal malnutrition Maternal illness during pregnancy Recurrent infection Inadequate nutrition Prenatal complications Chronic illness Abuse Familial dysfunction (e.g. drug abuse) |
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Risk factors for gallstones (9)
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Older age
Female gender FHx Obesity Pregnancy Estrogens (for contraception or prostate cancer) Fibrates Haemolytic disease Cirrhosis |
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Risk factors for cirrhosis (6)
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Chronic HCV/HBV infection
Excessive alcohol consumption Female gender Primary liver disease (PBC, PSC) Metabolic disorder (HH, Wilson's) FHx |
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Risk factors for HBV infection (5)
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Unsafe sex
IVDU Maternal HBV infection Male gender Asian or African ethnicity |
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Risk factors for coeliac disease (5)
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FHx
HLA subtype (DQ2 and DQ8) Female gender Other autoimmune disease Caucasian/European ethnicity |
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Risk factors for peptic ulcer (7)
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H. pylori infection
NSAID use Burns CNS trauma Surgery Severe illness Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other rare hypersecretory states |
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Risk factors for chronic kidney disease (11)
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Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension Older age CVD Obesity Smoking Sedentary lifestyle Poor nutrition FHx Male gender Previous kidney disease or injury |
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Risk factors for acute kidney injury (10)
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Preexisting renal impairment
Hospitalisation Older age Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Peripheral vascular disease Heart failure Liver disease Medication (NSAIDs, PPIs, antibiotics, ACEIs and analgesics) Obstruction (BPH, VUR, sacral spinal cord injury) |
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Risk factors for BPH (3)
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Older age
FHx Varicocoele |
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Risk factors for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (6)
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Perimenarchal
Perimenopausal Obesity Anticoagulation FHx Bleeding disorder (e.g. von Willebrand's disease |
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Risk factors for STI (8)
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Unsafe sex
Multiple partners Early sexual debut Younger age Sex work Alcohol and/or drug use Living in a high prevalence region Preexisting STI (increases risk of subsequent infection) |
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Lifestyle risk factors for infertility (9)
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Tobacco smoke exposure
Drug use Alcohol consumption Previous or current STI Excessive exercise Rapid weight loss or gain Obesity Environmental and occupational exposure to lead, pesticides and other toxins |
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Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (9)
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FHx
Obesity Hypertension High-fat diet Dyslipidaemia Sedentary lifestyle Gestational diabetes Age Non-white ethnicity |
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Risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus (7)
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FHx (paternal > maternal)
Other autoimmune disease HLA type (DR3, DR4) Viral infection Low sun exposure/vitamin D Underlying conditions (CF, HH, Down syndrome, Turner syndrome) Formula feeding |
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Risk factors for hyperthyroidism (7)
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Female gender
Age (20-40) Other autoimmune disease FHx Pregnancy Recent viral infection Immigration from an iodine-deficient area |
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Risk factors for schizophrenia (8)
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FHx
Urban upbringing Perinatal complications Prenatal maternal flu Winter birth Younger age Psychosocial stress in adolescence Immigration |
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Risk factors for depression (10)
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Female gender
Low SES Unemployment Single parenthood Low education level Parity Negative early life experiences (inc. abuse and bereavement) Marital status (+ve for men, -ve for women) FHx Life stresses (inc. positive ones) |
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Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (9)
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Older Age
FHx Down syndrome Genetic mutations (APP, Presenilin 1 and 2, ApoE4) Female gender Head trauma Lower educational level Physical inactivity Cardiovascular disease/risk factors |
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Risk factors for Parkinson's disease (6)
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Older age
Male gender Rural living Head injury Pesticide/herbicide exposure FHx |
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Risk factors for multiple sclerosis (8)
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Northern European ethnicity
Female gender Age - 18-50 FHx Sun exposure during adolescence (~ lattitude) EBV infection HLA-DRB1 subtype Other immune disease (very slight effect) |
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Risk factors for migraine (5)
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FHx
Female gender Age < 40 Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause) Other neurolopsychiatric diagnoses, esp. epilepsy and depression. |
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Risk factors for meningitis (6)
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Age < 5 or > 60
Immunocompromise Head trauma/surgery Low SES Contact with a meningitis case Maternal colonisation with S. galacticae or L. monocytogenes |
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Risk factors for stroke (11)
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FHx
Age Hypertension High cholesterol Tobacco smoke exposure DM Obesity CVD Estrogen therapy Alcoholism African ethnicity |
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Risk factors for epilepsy (6)
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FHx
Male gender Age < 18 or > 65 Head trauma Febrile seizures in childhood Previous stroke, cerebral infection or neoplasm |
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Risk factors for spinal cord injury (4)
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Male gender
Age between 16 and 30 Certain sports (diving, horse-riding, football, extreme sports etc) Underlying bone disease (e.g. osteoporosis, arthritis) |
