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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is primary prevention?
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treating patients before they have the disease
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at what age do the current recommendations say we should begin to intensively look at risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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18 years old
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what is secondary prevention?
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treating patients when you know they already have the problem
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which has a greater benefit from intervention: primary or secondary prevention?
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secondary
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what are the 3 non-modifiable risk factors associated with atherosclerosis?
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- age
- sex (men > women) - family history |
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why is family history difficult to assess?
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because we learn our habits mostly from our parents so separating what is genetic and what is environment is difficult
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what are the four main modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
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- smoking
- hypertension - lipid abnormalities - diabetes |
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what is the number one overall risk factor for developing atherosclerosis?
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smoking
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what determines the magnitude of risk?
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- the amount of a given risk factor
- the number of risk factors |
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at what cholesterol level are you considered to have an average risk of a heart attack?
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200
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what are risk markers?
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things to appear to be associated with the development of a disease but not causative
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T or F: altering a risk marker appears to affect the progression or regression of a disease.
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false; altering them does not have any affect on progression or regression
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what are global risk scores used for?
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to assess primary risk
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what chance does a person with a high global risk score have of developing an cardiovascular event in the next 10 years? how should a physician proceed with these patients?
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- > 20%
- treat them very aggressively as if they already have heart disease |
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what is the chance that a person with intermediate global risk score have of developing a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years? how should a physician proceed with these patients?
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- 10-19%
- most likely need to begin medications in most cases |
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what is the chance of a person with a low global risk score having a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years? how should a physician proceed with these patients?
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- < 10%
- concentrate on lifestyle changes and risk factor modification |
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what is primary prevention?
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focuses on lifestyle and behavioral changes to prevent an event from occurrign
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what is secondary prevention?
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uses lifestyle and behavioral changes along with medications and medical intervention to prevent another event from occurring
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what is the best thing a person can do to prevent atherosclerosis?
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stop smoking
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what is the biggest problem in treating atherosclerosis?
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patient adherence to the treatment
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what medications are the most commonly used and most effective in treating atherosclerosis?
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LDL lowering medications
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a 23 year old patient presents to your office for a physical. a CMP shows that the patient has very high LDL levels. you put them on a diet and a LDL lowering medication. they are very compliant with the prescribed treatment and stick with it. 2 years later they present to the ED and are diagnosed with having a heart attack. a CMP at that time show no improvement in LDL levels. what should you do next?
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test them for LDL receptor abnormalities
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T or F: you cannot have too high level of HDL.
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false; HDL > 100 mg/dL may not be protective and may reflect HDL dysfunction
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how do triglycerides affect atherosclerosis?
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they make LDL more atherogenic
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what is the definition of metabolic syndrome?
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- abdominal obesity
- hypertension - glucose intolerance - lipid abnormalities |
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what does the macrovascular component of diabetes cause?
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atherosclerotic complications
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what does the microvascular component of diabetes cause?
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kidney, vision, and nerve problems
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what causes death in diabetics? what reduces the quality of life of diabetics?
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- macrovascular component
- microvascular component |
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T or F: it is more important to control blood sugars in a diabetic than it is to control blood pressure, LDL, and other atherosclerotic risk factors.
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false; controlling the atherosclerotic risk factors is most important. this is what saves people's lives
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