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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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infectious cystitis
who usually gets it |
women elderly men (blocks, instruments) people with issues like stones, refulx, neurogenic bladder/DM |
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what usually is the pathogen for cystitis |
E. coli** proteus klebsiella enterobacter
also candida esp if their immune sux TB if other country |
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what causes non-infectious cystitis? |
chemotherapy -> hemorrhagic cystitis. Cyclophosphamide for example
radiation
so the cancer population |
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interstitial cystitis what is it who gets it what does it look like? |
idiopathic painful with transmural inflam and fibrosis
happens in women >men. maybe autoimmune
it looks like flat carcinoma in situ CIS. fissures, ulcers, punctate hemorrhage histo: see a lot of mast cells too |
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whhaatttt is malakoplakia?
what is it started? Who gets it? what's the problem? what does it look like? |
bacterial infection -> unusual inflam response often immunosuppressed/transplant pts
so probs a phagocytic issue where Mphage can't break down the products.
Have soft yellow mucous grossly. histo: foamy mphage, giant cells, **Michaelis-Gutmann bodies (calcified lysosomes with undigested bacterial products) |
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polypoid cystitis
what is it? |
usually just catheter related from ongoing irritation of mucosa
it has a gross polyploid configuration from submucosal edema
main issue with it is on cystoscopy it looks like papillary carcinoma. Histo doesn't look cancerous at all though so it's easy enough. |
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bladder metaplasia
three types |
cystitis cystica et glandularis have brunn nests of transitional epithelium in bladder become cystic or transitional.
squamous metaplasia- very common in men, in trigone, can turn into squamous carcinoma |
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vesico ureteral refulx
what gets you this
why is that bad? |
angle makes ureter not pinch off bostruction vlavees neruogenic bladder
UTI and pyelonephritis hydronephrosis renal failure |
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uretero=pelvic junction obsturction |
renal ageneiss, horse shoe kidney preauricular tags
causes hydronephrosis in kids |
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bladder cancers risk factors |
men more then women old people
urothelial caricinoma: smoking, aniline, analgesics, cycotix, schistoma hameatobium infetion |
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urothelial transitional cell carcinoma |
bladder > renal pelvis > ureter > urtehra
precursor non invasive ones flat CIS an invasive TCC. bad if gets through muscularis |
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urethelial tumors from good to bad |
papilloma: rare benign, looks normal but in architecture
PUNLMP: thickened with some atypia. rarely progresses.
low grade TCC: papillary. may o rmay not invade
high grade is papillary or sessile. lots atypica and mitoses. necrosis. invasive recurrent progression common
urothelial carcinoma in situ: invasive CA, shed cells into urine for dx |
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rare bladder carcinomas |
squamous cell carcinoma sarcinoma from urachus |
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staging bladder |
Ta noninvasive pap Tis in situ T1 lamina propria invasion T2 muscularis T3 perivesicle tissue T4 adjacent structures |
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genes involved with carcinomas |
9 deletions : superficial papillary tumor
17p p53 13q Rb for invasive |
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prostate issues |
prostatitis BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia prostatic carcinoma |
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prostate cancer comes from |
transitional zone |
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what's name for BPH
what's bad about it?
how's it happen? |
nodular hyperplasia
only bad if compress urethra
driven by DHT |
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so how to treat BPH |
5alpha reductase inhibiters
surgery: transurethral resetion of prostate
ablative: laser hyperthermia, US |
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how is prostate cancer found? |
usually asymptomatic until advanced: urinary and back pain
digital rectal exam and PSA are dtection |
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what is PSA?
how is it used? |
serine protease made by normal and cancerous prostate
elevated in prostatitis BPH and CA
not enough on own for dx but a good follow up tool to CA after tx |
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so how do you dx prostate cancer? |
need biopsy
grading is by gleason score which correlates with px |
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where do mets from prostate go? |
bone esp spine for osteoblastic lesions LN's in the pelvis |
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cnacer comes from what region? |
peripheral of prostate |
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for cryptorchidism where does it get stuck? |
inguinal canal |
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which inflam infections hit epididymis first before testis? which oens testis first then epididymis? |
gonorrhea and TB
symphilis |
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germ cell tumors |
aggressive but curable
painless mass
mixed germ cell |
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what predisposes for germ cell tumor |
cryptorchidism dysgenesis: t-fem or XXY
i(12p) |
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what's the most important thing to differentiate for germ cell tumor |
seminoma vs non seminoma
seminoma are lower satge, less spread, better treated than NSGCT |
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staging testicular tumor |
state I still in Stage II mets in retroperiotneal LN below diaphragm III mets outside retroperitoenal ro above diaphragm |
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tumor markers |
LDH: not specific but levels correlate to mass size AFP from yolk sac hCG form choriocarcinoma and some seminomas AFP adn hCG with NSGCT |
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dick problems |
hypospadias: urethral opening on ventral surface
epispadias: on dorsal surface -probably have other problems but also pee, ejac problems
phimosis: prepuce too small to retract. scarring from infection can cause |
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tumor of penis |
condyloma accuminatum from HPV6/11
CIS: bowen's disease. HPV16 associated |
