Rice Medical Terminology Digestive System

Front 1

mouth

Back 1

breaks food apart by the action of the teeth, moistens and lubricates food with saliva; food formed into a bolus.

Front 2

teeth

Back 2

serve as organs of mastication

Front 3

pharynx

Back 3

common passageway for both respiration and digestion; muscular constrictions move the bolus into the esophagus.

Front 4

esophagus

Back 4

peristalsis moves the food down the esophagus into the stomach.

Front 5

stomach

Back 5

reduces food to a digestible state, converts the food to a semiliquid form.

Front 6

small intestine

Back 6

digestion and absorption take place. nutrients are absorbed into tiny capillaries and lymph vessels in the walls of the small intestine and transmitted to body cells by the circulatory system.

Front 7

large intestine

Back 7

removes water from the fecal material, stores, and then eliminates wasted from the body via the rectum and anus.

Front 8

salivary glands

Back 8

secrete saliva to moisten and lubricate food.

Front 9

liver

Back 9

changes glucose to glycogen and stores it until needed; changes glycogen back to glucose; desaturates fats, assists in protein catabolism, manufactures bile, fibrinogen, prothrombin, heparin, and blood proteins, stores vitamins, produces heat, and detoxifies substances.

Front 10

gallbladder

Back 10

stores and concentrates bile.

Front 11

pancreas

Back 11

secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine, contains cells that produce digestive enzymes, secretes insulin and glucagon.

Front 12

absorption

Back 12

the process whereby nutrient material is taken into the bloodstream or lymph.

Front 13

amylase

Back 13

an enzyme that breaks down starch.

Front 14

anabolism

Back 14

literally "a throwing upward"; the building up of the body substance.

Front 15

anorexia

Back 15

lack of appetite

Front 16

appendectomy

Back 16

surgical excision of the appendix

Front 17

appendicitis

Back 17

inflammation of the appendix

Front 18

ascites

Back 18

an accumulation of serous fluid to the peritoneal cavity.

Front 19

biliary

Back 19

pertaining to or conveying bile

Front 20

bilirubin

Back 20

the orange-colored bile pigment produced by the separation of hemoglobin into parts that are excreted by the liver cells.

Front 21

black hairy tongue

Back 21

a condition in which the tongue is covered by hair-like papillae, entangled with threads produced by aspergillus niger or candida albicans fungi. this condition may be caused by poor oral hygiene and/or overgrowth of fungi due to antibiotic therapy.

Front 22

bowel

Back 22

the intestine, gut, entrail.

Front 23

buccal

Back 23

pertaining to the cheek

Front 24

bulimia

Back 24

a condition of episodic binge eating with or without self-induced vomiting

Front 25

catabolism

Back 25

literally "a throwing down"; a breaking of complex substances into more basic elements

Front 26

celiac

Back 26

pertaining to the abdomen

Front 27

cellosis

Back 27

an abnormal condition of the lip as seen in riboflavin and other b-complex deficiencies

Front 28

cholecystectomy

Back 28

surgical excision of the gallbladder with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the gallbladder is removed through a small incision near the navel.

Front 29

cholecystitis

Back 29

inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 30

choledochotomy

Back 30

surgical incision of the common bile duct

Front 31

chyle

Back 31

the milky fluid of intestinal digestion, composed of lymph and emulsified fats

Front 32

cirrhosis

Back 32

a chronic degenerative liver disease characterized by changes in the lobes; parenchymal cells and the lobules are infiltrated with fat

Front 33

colectomy

Back 33

surgical excision of part of the colon

Front 34

colon cancer

Back 34

a malignancy of the colon; sometimes called "colorectal cancer"

Front 35

colonic

Back 35

pertaining to the colon

Front 36

colonoscopy

Back 36

examination of the upper portion of the colon

Front 37

colostomy

Back 37

the creation of a new opening into the colon

Front 38

constipation

Back 38

infrequent passage of unduly hard and dry feces; difficult defecation

Front 39

crohn's disease

Back 39

a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract but most commonly occurs in the ileum

Front 40

defecation

Back 40

the evacuation of the bowel

Front 41

deglutition

Back 41

the act or process of swallowing

Front 42

dentalgia

Back 42

pain in a tooth; toothache

Front 43

dentist

Back 43

one who specializes in dentistry

Front 44

diarrhea

Back 44

frequent passage of unformed watery stools

Front 45

digestion

Back 45

the process by which food is changed in the mouth, stomach, and intestines by chemical, mechanical, and physical action so that it can be absorbed by the body

Front 46

diverticulitis

Back 46

inflammation of the diverticula in the colon

Front 47

duodenal

Back 47

pertaining to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine

Front 48

dysentery

Back 48

an intestinal disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane

Front 49

dyspepsia

Back 49

difficulty in digestion; indigestion

Front 50

dysphagia

Back 50

difficulty in swallowing

Front 51

eating disorder

Back 51

a health condition characterized by a preoccupation with weight that results in severe disturbances in eating behavior; anorexia nervosa and bulimia are the most common types

Front 52

emesis

Back 52

vomiting

Front 53

enteric

Back 53

pertaining to the intestine

Front 54

enteritis

Back 54

inflammation of the intestine.

Front 55

enzyme

Back 55

a protein substance capable of causing chemical changes in other substances without being changed itself

Front 56

epigastric

Back 56

pertaining to the region above the stomach

Front 57

eructation

Back 57

belching

Front 58

esophageal

Back 58

pertaining to the esophagus

Front 59

feces

Back 59

body waste expelled from the bowels; stools, excreta

Front 60

fibroma

Back 60

a fibrous, encasulated connective tissue tumor

Front 61

flatus

Back 61

gas in the stomach or intestines

Front 62

gastrectomy

Back 62

surgical excision of a part or the whole stomach

Front 63

gastric

Back 63

pertaining to the stomach

Front 64

gastroenterology

Back 64

study of the stomach and the intestines

Front 65

gastroesophageal

Back 65

pertaining to the stomach and esophagus

Front 66

gastroesophageal reflux

Back 66

occurs when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach, the lower esophageal sphincter, is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach's contents to back up ("reflux") into the esophagus

Front 67

gavage

Back 67

to feed liquid or semiliquid food via a tube (stomach or nasogastric)

Front 68

gingivitis

Back 68

inflammation of the gums

Front 69

glossotomy

Back 69

surgical excision into the tongue

Front 70

glycogenesis

Back 70

the formation of glycogen from glucose

Front 71

halitosis

Back 71

bad breath

Front 72

hematemesis

Back 72

vomiting of blood

Front 73

hemorrhoid

Back 73

a mass of dilated, tortuous veins in the anorectum, may be internal or external

Front 74

hepatitis

Back 74

inflammation of the liver

Front 75

hepatoma

Back 75

a tumor of the liver

Front 76

hernia

Back 76

the abnormal protrusion of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the body cavity that normally contains it

Front 77

herniostomy

Back 77

surgical incision for the repair of a hernia

Front 78

hyperalimentation

Back 78

an intravenous infusion of a hypertonic solution to sustain life; used in patients whose gastrointestinal tracts are not functioning properly

Front 79

hyperemesis

Back 79

excessive vomiting

Front 80

hypogastric

Back 80

pertaining to below the stomach

Front 81

ileitis

Back 81

inflammation of the ileum

Front 82

ileostomy

Back 82

the creation of a new opening through the abdominal wall into the ileum

Front 83

irritable bowl syndrome

Back 83

a disorder that interferes with the normal functions of the large intestine (colon). it is characterized by a group of symptoms, including crampy abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea.

Front 84

labial

Back 84

pertaining to the lip

Front 85

laparotomy

Back 85

surgical incision into the abdomen

Front 86

lavage

Back 86

to wash out a cavity

Front 87

laxative

Back 87

a substance that acts to loosen the bowels

Front 88

lingual

Back 88

pertaining to the tongue

Front 89

lipolysis

Back 89

the destruction of fat

Front 90

liver transplant

Back 90

the surgical process of transferring the liver from a donor to a patient

Front 91

malabsorption

Back 91

the process of bad or inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract

Front 92

mastication

Back 92

chewing

Front 93

melena

Back 93

black feces caused by the action of intestinal juices on blood

Front 94

mesentery

Back 94

pertaining to the peritoneal fold encircling the small intestines and connecting the intestines to the abdominal wall

Front 95

nausea

Back 95

the feeling of the inclination to vomit

Front 96

pancreas transplant

Back 96

the surgical process of transferring the pancreas from a donor to a patient

Front 97

pancreatitis

Back 97

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 98

paralytic ileus

Back 98

a paralysis of the intestines that causes distention and symptoms of acute obstruction and prostration

Front 99

peptic

Back 99

pertaining to gastric digestion

Front 100

periodontal

Back 100

pertaining to the area around the tooth

Front 101

periodontal disease

Back 101

inflammation and degeneration of the gums and surrounding bone, which frequently causes loss of the teeth

Front 102

peristalsis

Back 102

a wavelike contraction that occurs involuntarily in hollow tues of the body, especially the alimentary canal

Front 103

pharyngeal

Back 103

pertaining to the pharynx

Front 104

pilonidal cyst

Back 104

a closed sac in the crease of the sacrococcygeal region caused by a developmental defect that permits epithelial tissue and hair to be trapped below the skin

Front 105

postprandial

Back 105

pertaining to after a meal

Front 106

proctologist

Back 106

one who specializes in the study of the anus and the rectum

Front 107

proctoscope

Back 107

an instrument used to view the anus and rectum

Front 108

rectocele

Back 108

a hernia of part of the rectum into the vagina

Front 109

pyloric

Back 109

pertaining to the gatekeeper, the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

Front 110

sialadenitis

Back 110

inflammation of the salivary gland

Front 111

sigmoidoscope

Back 111

an instrument used to view the sigmoid

Front 112

splenomegaly

Back 112

enlargement of the spleen

Front 113

stomatitis

Back 113

inflammation of the mouth

Front 114

sublingual

Back 114

pertaining to below the tongue

Front 115

ulcer

Back 115

an open lesion or sore of the epidermis or mucous membrane. a peptic ulcer forms in the mucosal wall of the stomach, the pylorus, the duodenum, or the esophagus. it is referred to as a gastric, duodenal, or esophageal ulcer, depending on the location.

Front 116

ulcerative colitis

Back 116

a disease that causes inflammation of the large intestine. the inflammation usually occurs in the rectum and lower part of the colon, but it may affect the entire colon. may also be called colitis or proctitis

Front 117

vermiform

Back 117

shaped like a worm

Front 118

volvulus

Back 118

a twisting of the bowel on itself that causes an obstruction.

Front 119

vomit

Back 119

to eject stomach contents through the mouth.

Front 120

antacids

Back 120

neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach. antacids are classified as nonsystemic and systemic

Front 121

antacid mixtures

Back 121

products that combine aluminum (may cause constipation) and/or calcium compounds with magnesium (may cause diarrhea) salts. by combining the antacid properties of two single-entity agents, these products provide the antacid action of both, yet tend to counter the adverse effects of each other.

Front 122

histamine - h2-receptor antagonists

Back 122

inhibit both daytime and nocturnal basal gastric acid stimulated by food, histamines, caffeine, insulin, and pentagastrin. these drugs are used in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer

Front 123

mucosal protective medications

Back 123

these medicined protect the stomach's mucosal lining from acids, but they do not inhibit the release of acid

Front 124

gastric acid pump inhibitors (proton pump inhibitor - ppi

Back 124

these are antiulcer agents that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ATPase enzyme at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the gastric mucosa, gastric acid pump inhibitors are so classified, as they block this final step of acid production.

Front 125

other ulcer medications

Back 125

the treatment regimen for active duodenal ulcers associated with H. pylori may involve a two- or three-drug program.

Front 126

laxatives

Back 126

used to relieve constipation and to facilitate the passage of feces through the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Front 127

antidiarrheal agents

Back 127

used to treat diarrhea.

Front 128

antiemetics

Back 128

prevent or arrest vomiting. these drugs are also used in the treatment of vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea.

Front 129

emetics

Back 129

are used to induce vomiting in people who have taken an overdose of oral drugs or who have ingested certain poisons. an emetic agent should not be given to a person who is unconscious, in shock, or in a semicomatose state. emetics are also contraindicated in individuals who have ingested strongly caustic substances, such as lye or acid, since their use could result in additional injury to the person's esophagus.

Front 130

alcohol toxicology (ethanol and ethyl)

Back 130

a test performed on blood serum or plasma to determine levels of alcohol. legally, 0.05% or 50mg/dL is considered not under the influence. increased values indicated alcohol consumption that may lead to cirrhosis of the liver, astritis, malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and other gastrointestinal disorders.

Front 131

ammonia (NH4)

Back 131

a test performed on blood plasma to determine the level of ammonia (end product of protein breakdown). increased values may indicated hepatic failure, hepatic encephalopathy, portacaval anastomosis, high protein diet in hepatic failure and Reye's syndrome.

Front 132

barium enema (BE)

Back 132

a test performed by administering barium via the rectum to determine the condition of the colon. X-rays are taken to ascertain the structure and to check the filling of the colon. abnormal results may indicate cancer of the colon, polyps, fistulas, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, hernias, and intussusception.

Front 133

bilirubin blood test (total)

Back 133

a test done on blood serum to determine if bilirubin is conjugated and excreted in the bile. abnormal results may indicate obstructive jaundice, hepatitis, and cirrhosis.

Front 134

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Back 134

a test performed on whole blood or plasma to determine the presence of CEA (antigens originally isolated from colon tumors). increased values may indicate stomach, intestinal, rectal, and various other cancers and conditions. this test is nonspecific and must be combined with other tests for a final diagnosis. it is being used to monitor the course of cancer therapy.

Front 135

cholangiography

Back 135

x-ray examination of the common bile duct, cystic duct, and hepatic ducts. a radiopaque dye is injected, and then films are taken. abnormal results indicate obstruction, stones, and tumors.

Front 136

cholecystography

Back 136

x-ray examination of the gallbladder. a radiopaque dye is injected, and then films are taken. abnormal results may indicate cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and tumors

Front 137

colonfiberoscopy

Back 137

fiberoptic colonoscopy. the direct visual examination of the colon via a flexible colonoscope; used as a diagnostic aid, for removal of foreign bodies, polyps, and tissue.

Front 138

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Back 138

x-ray examination of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. a contrast medium is injected, and then films are taken. abnormal results may indicate fibrosis, biliary or pancreatic cysts, strictures, stones and chronic pancreatitis.

Front 139

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Back 139

an endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. during the procedure, photographs, biopsy, or brushings may be done.

Front 140

gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Back 140

a test performed on blood serum to determine the level of GGT (enzyme found in the liver, kidney, prostate, heart, and spleen). increased values may indicate cirrhosis, liver necrosis, hepatitis, alcoholism, neoplasms, acute pancreatitis, acute myocardial infarction, nephrosis, and acute cholecystitis

Front 141

gastric analysis.

Back 141

a test performed to determine quality of secretion, amount of free and combined HCI, and absence or presence of blood, bacteria, bile, and fatty acids. increased level of HCI may indicate peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and hypergastremia. decreased level of HCI may indicate stomach cancer, pernicious anemia, and atrophic gastritis.

Front 142

gastrointestinal (GI) series

Back 142

fluoroscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach , and small intestine. barium is given orally, and it is observes as it flows through the GI system. abnormal results may indicate esophageal varices, ulcers, gastric polyps, malabsorption syndrome, hiatal hernias, diverticuli, pyloric stenosis, and foreign bodies.

Front 143

hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA)

Back 143

a test performed to determine the presence of the hepatitis B virus.

Front 144

liver biopsy

Back 144

microscopic examination of liver tissue. abnormal results may indicate cirrhosis, hepatitis, and tumors.

Front 145

occult blood

Back 145

a test performed on feces to determine gastrointestinal bleeding that is invisible (hidden). positive results may indicate gastritis, stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, bowel cancer, bleeding esophageal varices, portal hypertension, pancreatitis, and diverticulitis.

Front 146

ova and parasites (O & P)

Back 146

a test performed on stool to identify the presence of organisms.

Front 147

ultrasonography, gallbladder

Back 147

a test to visualize the gallbladder by using high-frequency sound waves. the echoes are recorded on an oscilloscope and film. abnormal results may indicate biliary obstruction, cholelithiasis, and scute cholecystitis.

Front 148

ultrasonography, liver

Back 148

a test to visualize the liver by using high-frequency sound waves. the echoes are recorded on an oscilloscope and film. abnormal results may indicate hepatic tumors, cysts abscess, and cirrhosis.

Front 149

upper gastrointestinal fiberoscopy

Back 149

the direct visual examination of the gastric mucosa via a flexible fiberscope, colored photographs or motion pictures can be taken during the procedure, used when gastric neoplasm is suspected.

Front 150

ac

Back 150

before meals (ante cibum

Front 151

A/G

Back 151

albumin/globulin (ratio)

Front 152

Ba

Back 152

barium

Front 153

BE

Back 153

barium enema

Front 154

BM

Back 154

bowel movement

Front 155

BRP

Back 155

bathroom priviledges

Front 156

BS

Back 156

bowel sounds

Front 157

BSP

Back 157

bromsulphalein

Front 158

CEA

Back 158

carcinoembryonic antigen

Front 159

CHO

Back 159

carbohydrate

Front 160

chol

Back 160

cholesterol

Front 161

cib

Back 161

food (cibus)

Front 162

CUC

Back 162

chronic ulcerative colitis

Front 163

E. coli

Back 163

Escherichia coli

Front 164

ERCP

Back 164

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Front 165

GB

Back 165

gallbladder

Front 166

GERD

Back 166

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 167

GGT

Back 167

gamma-glutamyl transferase

Front 168

HAA

Back 168

hepatitis-associated antigen

Front 169

HAV

Back 169

hepatitis A virus

Front 170

HBIG

Back 170

hepatitis B immune globulin

Front 171

HBV

Back 171

hepatitis B virus

Front 172

HCI

Back 172

hydrochloric acid

Front 173

H. Pylori

Back 173

Heliobacter pylori

Front 174

IBS

Back 174

irritable bowel syndrome

Front 175

LES

Back 175

lower esophageal sphincter

Front 176

NANBH

Back 176

non-A, non-B hepatitis virus

Front 177

NG

Back 177

nasogastric (tube)

Front 178

NH4

Back 178

ammonia

Front 179

npo, NPO

Back 179

nil per os (nothing by mouth)

Front 180

N&V

Back 180

nausea and vomiting

Front 181

O & P

Back 181

ova and parasites

Front 182

pc

Back 182

after meals (post cibus)

Front 183

PEG

Back 183

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

Front 184

po,PO

Back 184

per os (by mouth)

Front 185

PP

Back 185

postprandial (after meals)

Front 186

PTC

Back 186

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Front 187

PPI

Back 187

proton pump inhibitor

Front 188

PUD

Back 188

peptic ulcer disease.

Front 189

RDA

Back 189

recommended dietary/daily allowance

Front 190

TPN

Back 190

total parenteral nutrition

Front 191

UGI

Back 191

upper gastrointestinal